search term: fingerprinting Wikipedia Page
A fingerprint is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger. The recovery of partial fingerprints from a crime scene is an important method of forensic science. Moisture and grease on a finger result in fingerprints on surfaces such as glass or metal. Deliberate impressions of entire fingerprints can be obtained by ink or other substances transferred from the peaks of friction ridges on the skin to a smooth surface such as paper. Fingerprint records normally contain impressions from the pad on the last joint of fingers and thumbs, though fingerprint cards also typically record portions of lower joint areas of the fingers.
search term: simulated net forced Wikipedia Page
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search term: External forcing Wikipedia Page
Radiative forcing (or climate forcing[2]) is a concept used in climate science to quantify the change in energy balance in Earth's atmosphere. Various factors contribute to this change in energy balance, such as concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, and changes in surface albedo and solar irradiance. In more technical terms, it is defined as "the change in the net, downward minus upward, radiative flux (expressed in W/m2) due to a change in an external driver of climate change."[3]: 2245 These external drivers are distinguished from feedbacks and variability that are internal to the climate system, and that further influence the direction and magnitude of imbalance. Radiative forcing on Earth is meaningfully evaluated at the tropopause and at the top of the stratosphere. It is quantified in units of watts per square meter, and often summarized as an average over the total surface area of the globe.
search term: southern high latitudes Wikipedia Page
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search term: South Asian summer monsoon Wikipedia Page
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search term: tropical Pacific circulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: dry regions Wikipedia Page
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search term: sea surface temperature bias Wikipedia Page
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search term: Precipitation Climatology Project Wikipedia Page
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search term: cyclone Wikipedia Page
In meteorology, a cyclone (/ˈsaɪ.kloʊn/) is a large air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere as viewed from above (opposite to an anticyclone).[1][2] Cyclones are characterized by inward-spiraling winds that rotate about a zone of low pressure.[3][4] The largest low-pressure systems are polar vortices and extratropical cyclones of the largest scale (the synoptic scale). Warm-core cyclones such as tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones also lie within the synoptic scale.[5] Mesocyclones, tornadoes, and dust devils lie within the smaller mesoscale.[6]
search term: Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: micronutrient iron Wikipedia Page
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search term: SAM index Wikipedia Page
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search term: Antarctic Sea Ice Extent Trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean vertical mixing Wikipedia Page
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search term: Observational data Wikipedia Page
In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints. One common observational study is about the possible effect of a treatment on subjects, where the assignment of subjects into a treated group versus a control group is outside the control of the investigator.[1][2] This is in contrast with experiments, such as randomized controlled trials, where each subject is randomly assigned to a treated group or a control group. Observational studies, for lacking an assignment mechanism, naturally present difficulties for inferential analysis.
search term: Haline hurricane wake Wikipedia Page
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search term: Atmospheric Reanalysis Products Wikipedia Page
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search term: Sahel rainfall Wikipedia Page
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search term: observed mass loss Wikipedia Page
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search term: subtropical edge latitude Wikipedia Page
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search term: variance maxima move Wikipedia Page
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search term: whiskers Wikipedia Page
Whiskers or vibrissae (/vəˈbrɪsi/; sg.: vibrissa; /vəˈbrɪsə/) are a type of stiff, functional hair used by most mammals to sense their environment.[1] These hairs are finely specialised for this purpose, whereas other types of hair are coarser as tactile sensors. Although whiskers are specifically those found around the face, vibrissae are known to grow in clusters at various places around the body. Most mammals have them, including all non-human primates[2] and especially nocturnal mammals.
search term: infrared radiation Wikipedia Page
Infrared (IR; sometimes called infrared light) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with wavelengths longer than that of visible light but shorter than microwaves. The infrared spectral band begins with waves that are just longer than those of red light (the longest waves in the visible spectrum), so IR is invisible to the human eye. IR is generally understood to include wavelengths from around 750 nm (400 THz) to 1 mm (300 GHz).[1][2] IR is commonly divided between longer-wavelength thermal IR, emitted from terrestrial sources, and shorter-wavelength IR or near-IR, part of the solar spectrum.[3] Longer IR wavelengths (30–100 μm) are sometimes included as part of the terahertz radiation band.[4] Almost all black-body radiation from objects near room temperature is in the IR band. As a form of electromagnetic radiation, IR carries energy and momentum, exerts radiation pressure, and has properties corresponding to both those of a wave and of a particle, the photon.[5][4]
search term: winter monsoons Wikipedia Page
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search term: IOD magnitude Wikipedia Page
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search term: Tropical Atlantic basin Wikipedia Page
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search term: IPCC Wikipedia Page
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations. Its job is to advance scientific knowledge about climate change caused by human activities.[1] The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) set up the IPCC in 1988. The United Nations endorsed the creation of the IPCC later that year.[2] It has a secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, hosted by the WMO. It has 195 member states who govern the IPCC.[3] The member states elect a bureau of scientists to serve through an assessment cycle. A cycle is usually six to seven years. The bureau selects experts in their fields to prepare IPCC reports.[4] There is a formal nomination process by governments and observer organizations to find these experts. The IPCC has three working groups and a task force, which carry out its scientific work.[4]
search term: temporal agreement Wikipedia Page
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search term: human history Wikipedia Page
Human history is the record of humankind from prehistory to the present. Modern humans evolved in Africa around 300,000 years ago and initially lived as hunter-gatherers. They migrated out of Africa during the Last Ice Age and had populated most of the Earth by the end of the Ice Age 12,000 years ago. Soon afterward, the Neolithic Revolution in West Asia brought the first systematic husbandry of plants and animals, and saw many humans transition from a nomadic life to a sedentary existence as farmers in permanent settlements. The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of accounting and writing.
search term: Glacial changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: freshening Wikipedia Page
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search term: ERSST version 5 Wikipedia Page
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search term: ability Wikipedia Page
Abilities are powers an agent has to perform various actions. They include common abilities, like walking, and rare abilities, like performing a double backflip. Abilities are intelligent powers: they are guided by the person's intention and executing them successfully results in an action, which is not true for all types of powers. They are closely related to but not identical with various other concepts, such as disposition, know-how, aptitude, talent, potential, and skill.
search term: systematic biases Wikipedia Page
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search term: autumn Wikipedia Page
Autumn, also known as fall,[1] is one of the four temperate seasons on Earth. Outside the tropics, autumn marks the transition from summer to winter, in September (Northern Hemisphere) or March (Southern Hemisphere). Autumn is the season when the duration of daylight becomes noticeably shorter and the temperature cools considerably. Day length decreases and night length increases as the season progresses until the winter solstice in December (Northern Hemisphere) and June (Southern Hemisphere). One of its main features in temperate climates is the striking change in colour for the leaves of deciduous trees as they prepare to shed.
search term: capacitor effect Wikipedia Page
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search term: seasonal amplitude Wikipedia Page
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search term: Antarctic sea ice change Wikipedia Page
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search term: variance Wikipedia Page
In probability theory and statistics, variance is the expected value of the squared deviation from the mean of a random variable. The standard deviation (SD) is obtained as the square root of the variance. Variance is a measure of dispersion, meaning it is a measure of how far a set of numbers is spread out from their average value. It is the second central moment of a distribution, and the covariance of the random variable with itself, and it is often represented by , , , , or .[1]
search term: lagged North Atlantic climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: Varying planetary heat sink Wikipedia Page
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search term: heavy precipitation Wikipedia Page
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search term: temperature trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: global ocean carbon sink Wikipedia Page
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search term: global ocean heat content changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP evaluation tools Wikipedia Page
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search term: Microwave Imager Wikipedia Page
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search term: climatic effects Wikipedia Page
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search term: reconciled estimate Wikipedia Page
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search term: radiosonde data Wikipedia Page
A radiosonde is a battery-powered telemetry instrument carried into the atmosphere usually by a weather balloon that measures various atmospheric parameters and transmits them by radio to a ground receiver. Modern radiosondes measure or calculate the following variables: altitude, pressure, temperature, relative humidity, wind (both wind speed and wind direction), cosmic ray readings at high altitude and geographical position (latitude/longitude). Radiosondes measuring ozone concentration are known as ozonesondes.[1]
search term: Interbasin effects Wikipedia Page
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search term: Argentina Wikipedia Page
Argentina,[a] officially the Argentine Republic,[b] is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 sq mi),[B] making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourth-largest country in the Americas, and the eighth-largest country in the world. It shares the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, and is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. Argentina is a federal state subdivided into twenty-three provinces, and one autonomous city, which is the federal capital and largest city of the nation, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, and a part of Antarctica.
search term: deglaciation Wikipedia Page
Deglaciation is the transition from full glacial conditions during ice ages, to warm interglacials, characterized by global warming and sea level rise due to change in continental ice volume.[1] Thus, it refers to the retreat of a glacier, an ice sheet or frozen surface layer, and the resulting exposure of the Earth's surface. The decline of the cryosphere due to ablation can occur on any scale from global to localized to a particular glacier.[2] After the Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 21,000 years ago), the last deglaciation begun, which lasted until the early Holocene.[3][4] Around much of Earth, deglaciation during the last 100 years has been accelerating as a result of climate change, partly brought on by anthropogenic changes to greenhouse gases.[5]
search term: PDV index Wikipedia Page
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search term: Fifth Assessment Report Wikipedia Page
The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the fifth in a series of such reports and was completed in 2014.[1] As had been the case in the past, the outline of the AR5 was developed through a scoping process which involved climate change experts from all relevant disciplines and users of IPCC reports, in particular representatives from governments. Governments and organizations involved in the Fourth Report were asked to submit comments and observations in writing with the submissions analysed by the panel.[2][3] Projections in AR5 are based on "Representative Concentration Pathways" (RCPs).[4] The RCPs are consistent with a wide range of possible changes in future anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Projected changes in global mean surface temperature and sea level are given in the main RCP article.
search term: Geophysical Research Wikipedia Page
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search term: National Academy of Wikipedia Page
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search term: Levant Wikipedia Page
The Levant (/ləˈvænt/ lə-VANT) is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term Middle East. In its narrowest sense, which is in use today in archaeology and other cultural contexts, it is equivalent to Cyprus and a stretch of land bordering the Mediterranean Sea in western Asia:[4][5] i.e. the historical region of Syria ("Greater Syria"), which includes present-day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the Palestinian territories and most of Turkey southwest of the middle Euphrates. Its overwhelming characteristic is that it represents the land bridge between Africa and Eurasia.[5] In its widest historical sense, the Levant included all of the Eastern Mediterranean with its islands;[6] that is, it included all of the countries along the Eastern Mediterranean shores, extending from Greece in Southern Europe to Cyrenaica, Eastern Libya in Northern Africa.[3][2][7]
search term: GMSL change Wikipedia Page
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search term: Stratospheric temperature Wikipedia Page
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search term: positive anomalies Wikipedia Page
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search term: arming Wikipedia Page
search term: weaker Southern Wikipedia Page
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search term: high confidence in Wikipedia Page
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search term: NAM trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: Arctic Sea Ice Extent Wikipedia Page
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search term: factors Wikipedia Page
Factor, a Latin word meaning "who/which acts", may refer to:
search term: Bayesian Wikipedia Page
Thomas Bayes (/beɪz/ BAYZ; c. 1701 – 1761) was an English statistician, philosopher, and Presbyterian minister.
search term: GlacierMIP project Wikipedia Page
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search term: LIG Wikipedia Page
The Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (LIG, Grenoble Computer Science Laboratory) is the largest research laboratory of Informatics in Grenoble, France. It was created 1 January 2007, as the result of a union of the 24 research teams of the previous IMAG Institute and the INRIA Rhône-Alpes.
search term: compensation Wikipedia Page
Compensation may refer to:
search term: tropical Pacific Wikipedia Page
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search term: Intergovernmental Panel on Wikipedia Page
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search term: Paleoclimate Modeling Wikipedia Page
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search term: freshwater forcing Wikipedia Page
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search term: multidecadal timescales Wikipedia Page
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search term: tropospheric planetary waves Wikipedia Page
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search term: NAM episodes Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ozone sensitivity Wikipedia Page
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search term: climate response Wikipedia Page
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search term: multiple model simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: simulated sea ice loss Wikipedia Page
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search term: CNRM Earth Wikipedia Page
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search term: single variable Wikipedia Page
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search term: anthropogenic fraction Wikipedia Page
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search term: Southern Hemispheric extratropical jet Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean dynamic sea level change Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean observations Wikipedia Page
The following are considered ocean essential climate variables (ECVs) by the Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC)[1] that are currently feasible with current observational systems .
search term: minus precipitation field Wikipedia Page
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search term: South America Wikipedia Page
South America is a continent[h] entirely in the Western Hemisphere[i] and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern subregion of the Americas.
search term: indirect radiative feedbacks Wikipedia Page
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search term: Southwest Indian Ocean Wikipedia Page
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search term: Tropical Pacific Ocean Wikipedia Page
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search term: Asian monsoon Wikipedia Page
A monsoon (/mɒnˈsuːn/) is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation[1] but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal oscillation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) between its limits to the north and south of the equator. Usually, the term monsoon is used to refer to the rainy phase of a seasonally changing pattern, although technically there is also a dry phase. The term is also sometimes used to describe locally heavy but short-term rains.[2][3]
search term: carbon cycle feedbacks Wikipedia Page
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search term: Broad Consistency Wikipedia Page
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search term: volcanic activity Wikipedia Page
Volcanism, vulcanism, volcanicity, or volcanic activity is the phenomenon where solids, liquids, gases, and their mixtures erupt to the surface of a solid-surface astronomical body such as a planet or a moon.[1] It is caused by the presence of a heat source, usually internally generated, inside the body; the heat is generated by various processes, such as radioactive decay or tidal heating. This heat partially melts solid material in the body or turns material into gas. The mobilized material rises through the body's interior and may break through the solid surface.[2][3]
search term: Natural Variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: alongshore winds Wikipedia Page
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search term: reconstructed NAO index Wikipedia Page
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search term: circulation weakening Wikipedia Page
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search term: South Atlantic sector Wikipedia Page
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search term: Indian oceans Wikipedia Page
The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering 70,560,000 km2 (27,240,000 sq mi) or approximately 20% of the water area of Earth's surface.[4] It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia to the east. To the south it is bounded by the Southern Ocean, or Antarctica, depending on the definition in use.[5] The Indian Ocean has large marginal, or regional seas, such as the Andaman Sea, the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Laccadive Sea.
search term: Robust Forced Response Wikipedia Page
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search term: highest daily temperature Wikipedia Page
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search term: fidelity Wikipedia Page
Fidelity is the quality of faithfulness or loyalty. Its original meaning regarded duty in a broader sense than the related concept of fealty. Both derive from the Latin word fidēlis, meaning "faithful or loyal". In the City of London financial markets it has traditionally been used in the sense encompassed in the motto "my word is my bond".
search term: boreal summer relative humidity Wikipedia Page
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search term: Multivariate Model Evaluation Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean thermal Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP5 AMIP simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: Arctic stratospheric ozone extremes Wikipedia Page
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search term: External Forcing Interfere Wikipedia Page
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search term: plant respiration Wikipedia Page
Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidized in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to drive the bulk production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which contains energy. Cellular respiration may be described as a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from nutrients into ATP, and then release waste products.[1]
search term: glacier contributions Wikipedia Page
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search term: scaling factor Wikipedia Page
In affine geometry, uniform scaling (or isotropic scaling[1]) is a linear transformation that enlarges (increases) or shrinks (diminishes) objects by a scale factor that is the same in all directions (isotropically). The result of uniform scaling is similar (in the geometric sense) to the original. A scale factor of 1 is normally allowed, so that congruent shapes are also classed as similar. Uniform scaling happens, for example, when enlarging or reducing a photograph, or when creating a scale model of a building, car, airplane, etc.
search term: global zonal mean bias assessment Wikipedia Page
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search term: vegetation changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: underestimate model uncertainty Wikipedia Page
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search term: regional variations Wikipedia Page
A regional variation generally refers to times when a radio station or television station simultaneously broadcasts different programs, continuity or advertisements to different parts of its coverage area. This may be so as to provide programming specific to a particular region, such as local news, or may be so as to allow advertisements to be targeted to a particular area.
search term: vertical grid resolution Wikipedia Page
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search term: equatorial zonal SST gradient Wikipedia Page
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search term: performance changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: Max Planck Institute Earth System Model Wikipedia Page
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search term: North American Summer Climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: surface macronutrient concentrations Wikipedia Page
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search term: Aerosol Radiative Forcing Wikipedia Page
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search term: sea surface temperature Wikipedia Page
Sea surface temperature (or ocean surface temperature) is the temperature of ocean water close to the surface. The exact meaning of surface varies in the literature and in practice. It is usually between 1 millimetre (0.04 in) and 20 metres (70 ft) below the sea surface. Sea surface temperatures greatly modify air masses in the Earth's atmosphere within a short distance of the shore. The thermohaline circulation has a major impact on average sea surface temperature throughout most of the world's oceans.[2]
search term: reconstructed data Wikipedia Page
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search term: evaporation Wikipedia Page
Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase.[1] A high concentration of the evaporating substance in the surrounding gas significantly slows down evaporation, such as when humidity affects rate of evaporation of water.[2] When the molecules of the liquid collide, they transfer energy to each other based on how they collide. When a molecule near the surface absorbs enough energy to overcome the vapor pressure, it will escape and enter the surrounding air as a gas.[3] When evaporation occurs, the energy removed from the vaporized liquid will reduce the temperature of the liquid, resulting in evaporative cooling.[4]
search term: surface wind stress forcing Wikipedia Page
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search term: Environmental Wikipedia Page
Environment most often refers to:
search term: Improved Ocean Simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: orography Wikipedia Page
Orography is the study of the topographic relief of mountains,[1] and can more broadly include hills, and any part of a region's elevated terrain.[2] Orography (also known as oreography, orology, or oreology) falls within the broader discipline of geomorphology.[3] The term orography comes from the Greek: όρος, hill, γραφία, to write.
search term: simulated annual Wikipedia Page
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search term: Mesoscale ocean processes Wikipedia Page
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search term: Stratospheric Temperature Trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: poleward expansion Wikipedia Page
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search term: subpolar gyre SST Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean stressors Wikipedia Page
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search term: Hemisphere continents Wikipedia Page
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search term: short observational record Wikipedia Page
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search term: observed climate change well Wikipedia Page
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search term: HadISST version 1 Wikipedia Page
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search term: simulated time series Wikipedia Page
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search term: Stochastic Physics Wikipedia Page
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search term: nutrient limitation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Consistent biases Wikipedia Page
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search term: precipitation extremes Wikipedia Page
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search term: ensemble means Wikipedia Page
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search term: Paris Agreement Wikipedia Page
The Paris Agreement (also called the Paris Accords or Paris Climate Accords) is an international treaty on climate change that was signed in 2016.[3] The treaty covers climate change mitigation, adaptation, and finance. The Paris Agreement was negotiated by 196 parties at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference near Paris, France. As of February 2023, 195 members of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are parties to the agreement. Of the three UNFCCC member states which have not ratified the agreement, the only major emitter is Iran. The United States withdrew from the agreement in 2020,[4] but rejoined in 2021.[5]
search term: Eocene warm periods Wikipedia Page
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search term: nitrogen limitation Wikipedia Page
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search term: event attribution systems Wikipedia Page
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search term: anthropogenic emissions Wikipedia Page
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search term: continental runoff Wikipedia Page
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search term: temporary event Wikipedia Page
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search term: confidence interval Wikipedia Page
Informally, in frequentist statistics, a confidence interval (CI) is an interval which is expected to typically contain the parameter being estimated. More specifically, given a confidence level (95% and 99% are typical values), a CI is a random interval which contains the parameter being estimated % of the time.[1][2] The confidence level, degree of confidence or confidence coefficient represents the long-run proportion of CIs (at the given confidence level) that theoretically contain the true value of the parameter; this is tantamount to the nominal coverage probability. For example, out of all intervals computed at the 95% level, 95% of them should contain the parameter's true value.[3]
search term: Precipitation Intensity Changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: glacier mass changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: initialized decadal hindcasts Wikipedia Page
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search term: stratospheric ozone recovery Wikipedia Page
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search term: Southern Hemisphere Monsoon Wikipedia Page
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search term: Enhanced SST Variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Wikipedia Page
In climatology, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) is a collaborative framework designed to improve knowledge of climate change. It was organized in 1995 by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). It is developed in phases to foster the climate model improvements but also to support national and international assessments of climate change. A related project is the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) for global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (GCMs).
search term: centennial variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Sea ice Wikipedia Page
Sea ice arises as seawater freezes. Because ice is less dense than water, it floats on the ocean's surface (as does fresh water ice). Sea ice covers about 7% of the Earth's surface and about 12% of the world's oceans.[1][2][3] Much of the world's sea ice is enclosed within the polar ice packs in the Earth's polar regions: the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean. Polar packs undergo a significant yearly cycling in surface extent, a natural process upon which depends the Arctic ecology, including the ocean's ecosystems. Due to the action of winds, currents and temperature fluctuations, sea ice is very dynamic, leading to a wide variety of ice types and features. Sea ice may be contrasted with icebergs, which are chunks of ice shelves or glaciers that calve into the ocean. Depending on location, sea ice expanses may also incorporate icebergs.
search term: coarse model resolution Wikipedia Page
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search term: large internal variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Bayesian model averaging Wikipedia Page
In statistics and machine learning, ensemble methods use multiple learning algorithms to obtain better predictive performance than could be obtained from any of the constituent learning algorithms alone.[1][2][3] Unlike a statistical ensemble in statistical mechanics, which is usually infinite, a machine learning ensemble consists of only a concrete finite set of alternative models, but typically allows for much more flexible structure to exist among those alternatives.
search term: HadCRUT data coverage Wikipedia Page
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search term: Hadley Centre Sea Ice Wikipedia Page
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search term: direct raised physiological response Wikipedia Page
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search term: Greenland Ice Sheet in Wikipedia Page
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search term: Tropical Widening Wikipedia Page
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search term: European extreme precipitation Wikipedia Page
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search term: natural external factors Wikipedia Page
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search term: Global monsoon precipitation responses Wikipedia Page
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search term: water cycle change Wikipedia Page
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search term: data table Wikipedia Page
A table is an arrangement of information or data, typically in rows and columns, or possibly in a more complex structure. Tables are widely used in communication, research, and data analysis. Tables appear in print media, handwritten notes, computer software, architectural ornamentation, traffic signs, and many other places. The precise conventions and terminology for describing tables vary depending on the context. Further, tables differ significantly in variety, structure, flexibility, notation, representation and use.[1][2][3][4][5] Information or data conveyed in table form is said to be in tabular format (adjective). In books and technical articles, tables are typically presented apart from the main text in numbered and captioned floating blocks.
search term: Surface temperature change Wikipedia Page
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search term: Niño Modoki Wikipedia Page
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search term: robust sampling Wikipedia Page
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search term: Regional model performance Wikipedia Page
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search term: teleconnectivity Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ocean surface anomaly patterns Wikipedia Page
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search term: NAO index Wikipedia Page
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search term: symmetries Wikipedia Page
Symmetry (from Ancient Greek συμμετρία (summetría) 'agreement in dimensions, due proportion, arrangement')[1] in everyday life refers to a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion and balance.[2][3][a] In mathematics, the term has a more precise definition and is usually used to refer to an object that is invariant under some transformations, such as translation, reflection, rotation, or scaling. Although these two meanings of the word can sometimes be told apart, they are intricately related, and hence are discussed together in this article.
search term: energy budgets Wikipedia Page
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search term: Dipole Modes Wikipedia Page
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search term: Arctic sea ice concentration Wikipedia Page
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search term: multiple drivers Wikipedia Page
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search term: Bayesian NAO reconstruction Wikipedia Page
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search term: Global Surface Warming Wikipedia Page
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search term: Hemisphere surface climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: mass loss Wikipedia Page
Stellar mass loss is a phenomenon observed in stars by which stars lose some mass over their lives. Mass loss can be caused by triggering events that cause the sudden ejection of a large portion of the star's mass. It can also occur when a star gradually loses material to a binary companion or due to strong stellar winds. Massive stars are particularly susceptible to losing mass in the later stages of evolution. The amount and rate of mass loss varies widely based on numerous factors.
search term: North Atlantic Jet Wikipedia Page
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search term: IOD variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Hadley circulation Wikipedia Page
The Hadley cell, also known as the Hadley circulation, is a global-scale tropical atmospheric circulation that features air rising near the equator, flowing poleward near the tropopause at a height of 12–15 km (7.5–9.3 mi) above the Earth's surface, cooling and descending in the subtropics at around 25 degrees latitude, and then returning equatorward near the surface. It is a thermally direct circulation within the troposphere that emerges due to differences in insolation and heating between the tropics and the subtropics. On a yearly average, the circulation is characterized by a circulation cell on each side of the equator. The Southern Hemisphere Hadley cell is slightly stronger on average than its northern counterpart, extending slightly beyond the equator into the Northern Hemisphere. During the summer and winter months, the Hadley circulation is dominated by a single, cross-equatorial cell with air rising in the summer hemisphere and sinking in the winter hemisphere. Analogous circulations may occur in extraterrestrial atmospheres, such as on Venus and Mars.
search term: resolution Wikipedia Page
Resolution(s) may refer to:
search term: Individual models Wikipedia Page
A model is a person with a role either to display commercial products (notably fashion clothing in fashion shows) or to serve as an artist's model or to pose for photography.
search term: extratropical Wikipedia Page
Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are low-pressure areas which, along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas, drive the weather over much of the Earth. Extratropical cyclones are capable of producing anything from cloudiness and mild showers to severe gales, thunderstorms, blizzards, and tornadoes. These types of cyclones are defined as large scale (synoptic) low pressure weather systems that occur in the middle latitudes of the Earth. In contrast with tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones produce rapid changes in temperature and dew point along broad lines, called weather fronts, about the center of the cyclone.[1]
search term: control simulation range Wikipedia Page
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search term: Walker Wikipedia Page
Walker or The Walker may refer to:
search term: AMOC meridional stream function Wikipedia Page
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search term: global zonal Wikipedia Page
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search term: compositing Wikipedia Page
Compositing is the process or technique of combining visual elements from separate sources into single images, often to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of the same scene. Live-action shooting for compositing is variously called "chroma key", "blue screen", "green screen" and other names. Today, most compositing is achieved through digital image manipulation. Pre-digital compositing techniques, however, go back as far as the trick films of Georges Méliès in the late 19th century, and some are still in use.
search term: interactive changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: Drake Wikipedia Page
This is an accepted version of this page
search term: induced variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: maximum latitude Wikipedia Page
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search term: crossed lines Wikipedia Page
Crossed Lines may refer to:
search term: soil moisture changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: skewness Wikipedia Page
In probability theory and statistics, skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable about its mean. The skewness value can be positive, zero, negative, or undefined.
search term: coincident Wikipedia Page
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search term: HighResMIP model Wikipedia Page
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search term: modelled temperatures Wikipedia Page
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search term: maximum overturning depth Wikipedia Page
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search term: Mult Wikipedia Page
The Movement of Trique Unification and Struggle (Spanish: Movimiento de Unificación y Lucha Triqui) is one of the oldest and strongest left wing organizations in the state of Oaxaca, in Mexico.[citation needed] MULT works with indigenous people around Oaxaca.[1]
search term: fire season Wikipedia Page
Fire season is dry season in areas with sufficient plantlife to be at risk for bushfires or wildfires.
search term: Representative Concentration Pathway Wikipedia Page
Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) are climate change scenarios to project future greenhouse gas concentrations. These pathways (or trajectories) describe future greenhouse gas concentrations (not emissions) and have been formally adopted by the IPCC. The pathways describe different climate change scenarios, all of which were considered possible depending on the amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted in the years to come. The four RCPs – originally RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6, and RCP8.5 – are labelled after a possible range of radiative forcing values in the year 2100 (2.6, 4.5, 6, and 8.5 W/m2, respectively).[1][2][3] The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) began to use these four pathways for climate modeling and research in 2014. The higher values mean higher greenhouse gas emissions and therefore higher global surface temperatures and more pronounced effects of climate change. The lower RCP values, on the other hand, are more desirable for humans but would require more stringent climate change mitigation efforts to achieve them.
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search term: Oceanographic Data Center Wikipedia Page
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search term: Tropical forests Wikipedia Page
Tropical forests are forested ecoregions with tropical climates – that is, land areas approximately bounded by the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, but possibly affected by other factors such as prevailing winds.
search term: water limitations Wikipedia Page
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search term: direct observational AMOC record Wikipedia Page
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search term: Millennium Wikipedia Page
A millennium (pl. millennia or millenniums) is a period of one thousand years or one hundred decades or ten centuries,[1][2] sometimes called a kiloannum (ka), or kiloyear (ky). Normally, the word is used specifically for periods of a thousand years that begin at the starting point (initial reference point) of the calendar in consideration and at later years that are whole number multiples of a thousand years after the start point.[clarification needed] The term can also refer to an interval of time beginning on any date. Millennia sometimes have religious or theological implications (see millenarianism).
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search term: low confidence statements Wikipedia Page
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search term: temperature gradient Wikipedia Page
A temperature gradient is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the temperature changes the most rapidly around a particular location. The temperature spatial gradient is a vector quantity with dimension of temperature difference per unit length. The SI unit is kelvin per meter (K/m).
search term: Nitrogen cycling Wikipedia Page
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. The majority of Earth's atmosphere (78%) is atmospheric nitrogen,[16] making it the largest source of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems.
search term: Tropical Indian Ocean Variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: satellite gravimetry Wikipedia Page
Gravimetry is the measurement of the strength of a gravitational field. Gravimetry may be used when either the magnitude of a gravitational field or the properties of matter responsible for its creation are of interest. The study of gravity changes belongs to geodynamics.
search term: Width Metrics Wikipedia Page
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search term: Glacier Inventory Wikipedia Page
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search term: PDV variations Wikipedia Page
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search term: Bayesian classification method Wikipedia Page
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search term: southward shift Wikipedia Page
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search term: black sector Wikipedia Page
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search term: Republic of Korea Wikipedia Page
South Korea,[c] officially the Republic of Korea (ROK),[d] is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and borders North Korea along the Korean Demilitarized Zone; though it also claims the land border with China and Russia.[e] The country's western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. South Korea claims to be the sole legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. It has a population of 51.96 million, of which half live in the Seoul Capital Area, the ninth most populous metropolitan area in the world. Other major cities include Busan, Daegu, and Incheon.
search term: anthropogenic surface Wikipedia Page
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search term: EN4 Wikipedia Page
The EN postcode area, also known as the Enfield postcode area,[2] is a group of eleven postcode districts in England, within seven post towns. These cover parts of northern Greater London (including Enfield and Barnet), southern Hertfordshire (including Potters Bar, Waltham Cross, Broxbourne and Hoddesdon) and western Essex (including Waltham Abbey).
search term: anthropogenic forcings Wikipedia Page
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search term: Circulation trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: McGregor Wikipedia Page
McGregor may refer to:
search term: Fingerprinting Techniques Wikipedia Page
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search term: continents Wikipedia Page
A continent is any of several large geographical regions. Continents are generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria. A continent could be a single landmass or a part of a very large landmass, as in the case of Asia or Europe. Due to this, the number of continents varies; up to seven or as few as four geographical regions are commonly regarded as continents. Most English-speaking countries recognize seven regions as continents. In order from largest to smallest in area, these seven regions are Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.[1] Different variations with fewer continents merge some of these regions; examples of this are merging North America and South America into America, Asia and Europe into Eurasia, and Africa, Asia, and Europe into Afro-Eurasia.
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search term: stratosphere Wikipedia Page
The stratosphere (/ˈstrætəˌsfɪər, -toʊ-/) is the second-lowest layer of the atmosphere of Earth, located above the troposphere and below the mesosphere.[2][3] The stratosphere is composed of stratified temperature zones, with the warmer layers of air located higher (closer to outer space) and the cooler layers lower (closer to the planetary surface of the Earth). The increase of temperature with altitude is a result of the absorption of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation by the ozone layer, where ozone is exothermically photolyzed into oxygen in a cyclical fashion.[4] This temperature inversion is in contrast to the troposphere, where temperature decreases with altitude, and between the troposphere and stratosphere is the tropopause border that demarcates the beginning of the temperature inversion.
search term: time periods Wikipedia Page
The categorisation of the past into discrete, quantified named blocks of time is called periodization.[1] This is a list of such named time periods as defined in various fields of study.
search term: States of America Wikipedia Page
The United States of America is a federal republic[1] consisting of 50 states, a federal district (Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States), five major territories, and various minor islands.[2][3] Both the states and the United States as a whole are each sovereign jurisdictions.[4] The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution allows states to exercise all powers of government not delegated to the federal government. Each state has its own constitution and government, and all states and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state elects two senators, while representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census.[5] Additionally, each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College, the body that elects the president of the United States, equal to the total of representatives and senators in Congress from that state.[6] The federal district does not have representatives in the Senate, but has a non-voting delegate in the House, and it is also entitled to electors in the Electoral College. Congress can admit more states, but it cannot create a new state from territory of an existing state or merge two or more states into one without the consent of all states involved, and each new state is admitted on an equal footing with the existing states.[7]
search term: model physics Wikipedia Page
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search term: satellite observations Wikipedia Page
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search term: linear trend Wikipedia Page
In statistics, linear regression is a statistical model that estimates the linear relationship between a scalar response (dependent variable) and one or more explanatory variables (regressor or independent variable). The case of one explanatory variable is called simple linear regression; for more than one, the process is called multiple linear regression.[1] This term is distinct from multivariate linear regression, where multiple correlated dependent variables are predicted, rather than a single scalar variable.[2] If the explanatory variables are measured with error then errors-in-variables models are required, also known as measurement error models.
search term: poleward Hadley Wikipedia Page
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search term: Numerical Study Wikipedia Page
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search term: human contribution Wikipedia Page
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search term: boundary conditions Wikipedia Page
In the study of differential equations, a boundary-value problem is a differential equation subjected to constraints called boundary conditions.[1] A solution to a boundary value problem is a solution to the differential equation which also satisfies the boundary conditions.
search term: global distributions Wikipedia Page
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search term: anthropogenic signals Wikipedia Page
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search term: December standard deviation Wikipedia Page
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search term: upwelling systems Wikipedia Page
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search term: Sea Ice Trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: rainfall increase Wikipedia Page
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search term: column water vapour path Wikipedia Page
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search term: NEMO ocean Wikipedia Page
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search term: AGCMs Wikipedia Page
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search term: line colours Wikipedia Page
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search term: thermodynamic Wikipedia Page
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics, which convey a quantitative description using measurable macroscopic physical quantities, but may be explained in terms of microscopic constituents by statistical mechanics. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, especially physical chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering, but also in other complex fields such as meteorology.
search term: SREX Wikipedia Page
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search term: eddy forcing Wikipedia Page
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search term: biogeochemical aspects Wikipedia Page
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search term: forest management Wikipedia Page
Forest management is a branch of forestry concerned with overall administrative, legal, economic, and social aspects, as well as scientific and technical aspects, such as silviculture, forest protection, and forest regulation. This includes management for timber, aesthetics, recreation, urban values, water, wildlife, inland and nearshore fisheries, wood products, plant genetic resources, and other forest resource values.[1] Management objectives can be for conservation, utilisation, or a mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction, planting and replanting of different species, building and maintenance of roads and pathways through forests, and preventing fire.
search term: extreme river flow Wikipedia Page
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search term: simulated absolute Wikipedia Page
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search term: composited surface air temperature trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: blue colours Wikipedia Page
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search term: Kociuba Wikipedia Page
Kociuba [kɔˈt͡ɕuba] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Rachanie, within Tomaszów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.[1]
search term: Annual Mean Precipitation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Decadal variations Wikipedia Page
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search term: Internal climate memory Wikipedia Page
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search term: Midlatitude Summer Drying Wikipedia Page
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search term: Mass balance Wikipedia Page
In physics, a mass balance, also called a material balance, is an application of conservation of mass[1] to the analysis of physical systems. By accounting for material entering and leaving a system, mass flows can be identified which might have been unknown, or difficult to measure without this technique. The exact conservation law used in the analysis of the system depends on the context of the problem, but all revolve around mass conservation, i.e., that matter cannot disappear or be created spontaneously.[2]: 59–62
search term: parameter Wikipedia Page
A parameter (from Ancient Greek παρά (pará) 'beside, subsidiary' and μέτρον (métron) 'measure'), generally, is any characteristic that can help in defining or classifying a particular system (meaning an event, project, object, situation, etc.). That is, a parameter is an element of a system that is useful, or critical, when identifying the system, or when evaluating its performance, status, condition, etc.
search term: oxygen minimum zone Wikipedia Page
The oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), sometimes referred to as the shadow zone, is the zone in which oxygen saturation in seawater in the ocean is at its lowest. This zone occurs at depths of about 200 to 1,500 m (700–4,900 ft), depending on local circumstances. OMZs are found worldwide, typically along the western coast of continents, in areas where an interplay of physical and biological processes concurrently lower the oxygen concentration (biological processes) and restrict the water from mixing with surrounding waters (physical processes), creating a "pool" of water where oxygen concentrations fall from the normal range of 4–6 mg/L to below 2 mg/L.[1]
search term: limit confidence Wikipedia Page
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search term: consistency Wikipedia Page
In classical, deductive logic, a consistent theory is one that does not lead to a logical contradiction.[1] A theory is consistent if there is no formula such that both and its negation are elements of the set of consequences of . Let be a set of closed sentences (informally "axioms") and the set of closed sentences provable from under some (specified, possibly implicitly) formal deductive system. The set of axioms is consistent when there is no formula such that and . A trivial theory (i.e., one which proves every sentence in the language of the theory) is clearly inconsistent. Conversely, in an explosive formal system (e.g., classical or intuitionistic propositional or first-order logics) every inconsistent theory is trivial.[2]: 7 Consistency of a theory is a syntactic notion, whose semantic counterpart is satisfiability. A theory is satisfiable if it has a model, i.e., there exists an interpretation under which all axioms in the theory are true.[3] This is what consistent meant in traditional Aristotelian logic, although in contemporary mathematical logic the term satisfiable is used instead.
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search term: Leaf area index Wikipedia Page
Leaf area index (LAI) is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes plant canopies. It is defined as the one-sided green leaf area per unit ground surface area (LAI = leaf area / ground area, m2 / m2) in broadleaf canopies.[1] In conifers, three definitions for LAI have been used:
search term: summer SAM Wikipedia Page
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search term: central Pacific Wikipedia Page
Central Pacific may refer to:
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search term: CESM Wikipedia Page
The Community Earth System Model (CESM) is a fully coupled numerical simulation of the Earth system consisting of atmospheric, ocean, ice, land surface, carbon cycle, and other components. CESM includes a climate model providing state-of-art simulations of the Earth's past, present, and future.[1] It is the successor of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM), specifically version 4 (CCSMv4), which provided the initial atmospheric component for CESM. Strong ensemble forecasting capabilities, CESM-LE (CESM-Large Ensemble), were developed at the onset to control for error and biases across different model runs (realizations).[2] Simulations from the Earth's surface through the thermosphere are generated utilizing the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). CESM1 was released in 2010 with primary development by the Climate and Global Dynamics Division (CGD) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), and significant funding by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Department of Energy (DoE).[3]
search term: Saharan dust Wikipedia Page
Saharan dust (also African dust, yellow dust, yellow sand, yellow wind or Sahara dust storms) is an aeolian mineral dust from the Sahara, the largest hot desert in the world. The desert spans just over 9 million square kilometers, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea, from the Mediterranean Sea to the Niger River valley and the Sudan region in the south.[1]
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search term: CERES Wikipedia Page
Ceres most commonly refers to:
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search term: ENSO stability Wikipedia Page
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search term: CIESM Wikipedia Page
The Mediterranean Science Commission, or CIESM, (French: Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Méditerranée) is an independent organization that unites 23 Member States, hundreds of marine Institutes, and thousands of marine researchers from all shores of the Mediterranean basin and adjacent seas, to engage in marine scientific explorations and exchange on the latest advances in oceanography.
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search term: climate changes Wikipedia Page
In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution.[3][4] Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices add to greenhouse gases.[5] These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, has grown by about 50% and is at levels unseen for millions of years.[6]
search term: Arctic sea ice Wikipedia Page
The Arctic ice pack is the sea ice cover of the Arctic Ocean and its vicinity. The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter. Summer ice cover in the Arctic is about 50% of winter cover.[1] Some of the ice survives from one year to the next. Currently, 28% of Arctic basin sea ice is multi-year ice,[2] thicker than seasonal ice: up to 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft) thick over large areas, with ridges up to 20 m (65.6 ft) thick. Besides the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades as well.
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search term: Aerosol Wikipedia Page
An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.[1] Aerosols can be generated from natural or human causes. The term aerosol commonly refers to the mixture of particulates in air, and not to the particulate matter alone.[2] Examples of natural aerosols are fog, mist or dust. Examples of human caused aerosols include particulate air pollutants, mist from the discharge at hydroelectric dams, irrigation mist, perfume from atomizers, smoke, dust, sprayed pesticides, and medical treatments for respiratory illnesses.[3]
search term: temperature response Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean Wikipedia Page
The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of Earth.[8] In English, the term ocean also refers to any of the large bodies of water into which the world ocean is conventionally divided.[9] The following names describe five different areas of the ocean: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic/Southern, and Arctic.[10][11] The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water[8] and is the primary component of Earth's hydrosphere and is thereby essential to life on Earth. The ocean influences climate and weather patterns, the carbon cycle, and the water cycle by acting as a huge heat reservoir.
search term: limited model performance Wikipedia Page
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search term: Climate Change Scenarios Wikipedia Page
A climate change scenario is a hypothetical future based on a "set of key driving forces".[1]: 1812 Scenarios explore the long-term effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation.[2] Scenarios help to understand what the future may hold. They can show which decisions will have the most meaningful effects on mitigation and adaptation.
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search term: North Pacific Wikipedia Page
Main five oceans division:
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search term: temperature records Wikipedia Page
Global surface temperature (GST) is the average temperature of Earth's surface. More precisely, it is the weighted average of the temperatures over the ocean and land. The former is also called sea surface temperature and the latter is called surface air temperature. Temperature data comes mainly from weather stations and satellites. To estimate data in the distant past, proxy data can be used for example from tree rings, corals, and ice cores.[1] Observing the rising GST over time is one of the many lines of evidence supporting the scientific consensus on climate change, which is that human activities are causing climate change. Alternative terms for the same thing are global mean surface temperature (GMST) or global average surface temperature.
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search term: eastern Africa Wikipedia Page
East Africa, also known as Eastern Africa or the East of Africa, is a region at the eastern edge of the African continent, distinguished by its geographical, historical, and cultural landscape. Defined in varying scopes, the region is recognized in the United Nations Statistics Division scheme as encompassing 18 sovereign states and 4 territories.[1]
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search term: Community Integrated Earth System Model Wikipedia Page
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search term: troposphere Wikipedia Page
The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere of Earth. It contains 80% of the total mass of the planetary atmosphere and 99% of the total mass of water vapor and aerosols, and is where most weather phenomena occur.[1] From the planetary surface of the Earth, the average height of the troposphere is 18 km (11 mi; 59,000 ft) in the tropics; 17 km (11 mi; 56,000 ft) in the middle latitudes; and 6 km (3.7 mi; 20,000 ft) in the high latitudes of the polar regions in winter; thus the average height of the troposphere is 13 km (8.1 mi; 43,000 ft).
search term: North American megadrought Wikipedia Page
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search term: correspondence Wikipedia Page
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search term: Zika Wikipedia Page
Zika fever, also known as Zika virus disease or simply Zika, is an infectious disease caused by the Zika virus.[1] Most cases have no symptoms, but when present they are usually mild and can resemble dengue fever.[1][4] Symptoms may include fever, red eyes, joint pain, headache, and a maculopapular rash.[1][2][3] Symptoms generally last less than seven days.[2] It has not caused any reported deaths during the initial infection.[4] Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other brain malformations in some babies.[5][6] Infections in adults have been linked to Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS).[4]
search term: slab ocean model simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: North Atlantic climate variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Reanalysis Wikipedia Page
Reanalysis is a new analysis of something. It may refer to:
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search term: performance Wikipedia Page
A performance is an act or process of staging or presenting a play, concert, or other form of entertainment. It is also defined as the action or process of carrying out or accomplishing an action, task, or function. [1]
search term: thermodynamic processes Wikipedia Page
Classical thermodynamics considers three main kinds of thermodynamic processes: (1) changes in a system, (2) cycles in a system, and (3) flow processes.
search term: Thermohaline Dynamics Wikipedia Page
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search term: summertime Wikipedia Page
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search term: Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode Wikipedia Page
The Antarctic oscillation (AAO, to distinguish it from the Arctic oscillation or AO), also known as the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), is a low-frequency mode of atmospheric variability of the southern hemisphere that is defined as a belt of strong westerly winds or low pressure surrounding Antarctica which moves north or south as its mode of variability.[2]
search term: salinity panels Wikipedia Page
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search term: Pacific Wikipedia Page
Main five oceans division:
search term: rainfall Wikipedia Page
Rain is water droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and then fall under gravity. Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the Earth. It provides water for hydroelectric power plants, crop irrigation, and suitable conditions for many types of ecosystems.
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search term: Atlantic Ocean Wikipedia Page
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about 85,133,000 km2 (32,870,000 sq mi).[2] It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the Age of Discovery, it was known for separating the New World of the Americas (North America and South America) from the Old World of Afro-Eurasia (Africa, Asia, and Europe).
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search term: GISS Wikipedia Page
The Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) is a laboratory in the Earth Sciences Division of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center affiliated with the Columbia University Earth Institute.[2] The institute is located at Columbia University in New York City. It was named after Robert H. Goddard, American engineer, professor, physicist and inventor who is credited with creating and building the world's first liquid-fueled rocket.[3]
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search term: Circulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: n Wikipedia Page
N, or n, is the fourteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages, and others worldwide. Its name in English is en (pronounced /ˈɛn/), plural ens.[1]
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search term: linear correlation Wikipedia Page
In statistics, correlation or dependence is any statistical relationship, whether causal or not, between two random variables or bivariate data. Although in the broadest sense, "correlation" may indicate any type of association, in statistics it usually refers to the degree to which a pair of variables are linearly related. Familiar examples of dependent phenomena include the correlation between the height of parents and their offspring, and the correlation between the price of a good and the quantity the consumers are willing to purchase, as it is depicted in the so-called demand curve.
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search term: inverse covariance matrix Wikipedia Page
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search term: sudden stratospheric warmings Wikipedia Page
A sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) is an event in which polar stratospheric temperatures rise by several tens of kelvins (up to increases of about 50 °C (90 °F)) over the course of a few days.[1] The warming is preceded by a slowing then reversal of the westerly winds in the stratospheric polar vortex, commonly measured at 60 ° latitude at the 10 hPa level.[2] SSWs occur about six times per decade in the northern hemisphere (NH),[3] and about once every 20-30 years in the southern hemisphere (SH).[4][5] In the SH, SSW accompanied by a reversal of the vortex westerly (which is soon after followed by a vortex recovery) was observed once during the period 1979–2024; this was in September 2002.[6] Stratospheric warming in September 2019 was comparable to or even greater than that of 2002, but the wind reversal did not occur.[7][8][9]
search term: Greenland surface mass balance Wikipedia Page
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search term: Tropical Atlantic Variability Wikipedia Page
The Tropical Atlantic Variability (TAV) is influenced by internal interaction and external effects. TAV can be discussed in different time scales: seasonal (annual cycle) and interannual.
search term: Preindustrial Control Simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: deoxygenation Wikipedia Page
Deoxygenation is a chemical reaction involving the removal of oxygen atoms from a molecule. The term also refers to the removal of molecular oxygen (O2) from gases and solvents, a step in air-free technique and gas purifiers. As applied to organic compounds, deoxygenation is a component of fuels production as well a type of reaction employed in organic synthesis, e.g. of pharmaceuticals.
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search term: Atlantic Wikipedia Page
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about 85,133,000 km2 (32,870,000 sq mi).[2] It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the Age of Discovery, it was known for separating the New World of the Americas (North America and South America) from the Old World of Afro-Eurasia (Africa, Asia, and Europe).
search term: Warming Rate Wikipedia Page
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search term: tropopause Wikipedia Page
The tropopause is the atmospheric boundary that demarcates the troposphere from the stratosphere, which are the lowest two of the five layers of the atmosphere of Earth. The tropopause is a thermodynamic gradient-stratification layer that marks the end of the troposphere, and is approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) above the equatorial regions, and approximately 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) above the polar regions.
search term: moderate volcanic Wikipedia Page
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search term: Project Wikipedia Page
A project is a type of assignment, typically involving research or design, that is carefully planned to achieve a specific objective.[1]
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search term: Systems Wikipedia Page
A system is a group of interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole.[1] A system, surrounded and influenced by its environment, is described by its boundaries, structure and purpose and is expressed in its functioning. Systems are the subjects of study of systems theory and other systems sciences.
search term: AMSU Wikipedia Page
The advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU) is a multi-channel microwave radiometer installed on meteorological satellites. The instrument examines several bands of microwave radiation from the atmosphere to perform atmospheric sounding of temperature and moisture levels.
search term: Science Wikipedia Page
Science is a systematic discipline that builds and organises knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the world.[1][2] Modern science is typically divided into two or three major branches:[3] the natural sciences (e.g., physics, chemistry, and biology), which study the physical world; and the behavioural sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which study individuals and societies.[4][5] The formal sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which study formal systems governed by axioms and rules,[6][7] are sometimes described as being sciences as well; however, they are often regarded as a separate field because they rely on deductive reasoning instead of the scientific method or empirical evidence as their main methodology.[8][9] Applied sciences are disciplines that use scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as engineering and medicine.[10][11][12]
search term: statistical characteristics Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean warming Wikipedia Page
Ocean heat content (OHC) or ocean heat uptake (OHU) is the energy absorbed and stored by oceans. To calculate the ocean heat content, it is necessary to measure ocean temperature at many different locations and depths. Integrating the areal density of a change in enthalpic energy over an ocean basin or entire ocean gives the total ocean heat uptake.[2] Between 1971 and 2018, the rise in ocean heat content accounted for over 90% of Earth's excess energy from global heating.[3][4] The main driver of this increase was caused by humans via their rising greenhouse gas emissions.[5]: 1228 By 2020, about one third of the added energy had propagated to depths below 700 meters.[6][7]
search term: surface mass balance trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: GMSL responses Wikipedia Page
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search term: unfiltered annual TPI Wikipedia Page
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search term: Western Mediterranean Wikipedia Page
The Mediterranean Sea (/ˌmɛdɪtəˈreɪniən/ MED-ih-tə-RAY-nee-ən) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border. The Mediterranean has played a central role in the history of Western civilization. Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago, the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely desiccated over a period of some 600,000 years during the Messinian salinity crisis before being refilled by the Zanclean flood about 5.3 million years ago.
search term: West Antarctic ice loss Wikipedia Page
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search term: Tropical Sea Surface Temperature Evaluation Wikipedia Page
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search term: proxy coverage Wikipedia Page
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search term: meridional redistribution Wikipedia Page
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search term: food security Wikipedia Page
Food security is the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food. The availability of food for people of any class and state, gender or religion is another element of food security. Similarly, household food security is considered to exist when all the members of a family, at all times, have access to enough food for an active, healthy life.[1] Individuals who are food-secure do not live in hunger or fear of starvation.[2] Food security includes resilience to future disruptions of food supply. Such a disruption could occur due to various risk factors such as droughts and floods, shipping disruptions, fuel shortages, economic instability, and wars.[3] Food insecurity is the opposite of food security: a state where there is only limited or uncertain availability of suitable food.
search term: Pantropical climate interactions Wikipedia Page
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search term: ensemble mean Wikipedia Page
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search term: horizontal axis Wikipedia Page
In geometry, a Cartesian coordinate system (UK: /kɑːrˈtiːzjən/, US: /kɑːrˈtiːʒən/) in a plane is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely by a pair of real numbers called coordinates, which are the signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular oriented lines, called coordinate lines, coordinate axes or just axes (plural of axis) of the system. The point where the axes meet is called the origin and has (0, 0) as coordinates. The axes directions represent an orthogonal basis. The combination of origin and basis forms a coordinate frame called the Cartesian frame.
search term: Dependent Communities Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP5 coupled climate models Wikipedia Page
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search term: diversity Wikipedia Page
Diversity, diversify, or diverse may refer to:
search term: offline models Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ocean regions Wikipedia Page
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search term: plant growth Wikipedia Page
Important structures in plant development are buds, shoots, roots, leaves, and flowers; plants produce these tissues and structures throughout their life from meristems[1] located at the tips of organs, or between mature tissues. Thus, a living plant always has embryonic tissues. By contrast, an animal embryo will very early produce all of the body parts that it will ever have in its life. When the animal is born (or hatches from its egg), it has all its body parts and from that point will only grow larger and more mature. However, both plants and animals pass through a phylotypic stage that evolved independently[2] and that causes a developmental constraint limiting morphological diversification.[3][4][5][6]
search term: global ocean heat uptake doubles Wikipedia Page
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search term: Meridional modes Wikipedia Page
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search term: Oceanic Carbon Uptake Wikipedia Page
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search term: storms Wikipedia Page
A storm is any disturbed state of the natural environment or the atmosphere of an astronomical body.[citation needed] It may be marked by significant disruptions to normal conditions such as strong wind, tornadoes, hail, thunder and lightning (a thunderstorm), heavy precipitation (snowstorm, rainstorm), heavy freezing rain (ice storm), strong winds (tropical cyclone, windstorm), wind transporting some substance through the atmosphere such as in a dust storm, among other forms of severe weather.
search term: empirical orthogonal decomposition Wikipedia Page
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search term: computer programs Wikipedia Page
A computer program is a sequence or set[a] of instructions in a programming language for a computer to execute. It is one component of software, which also includes documentation and other intangible components.[1]
search term: Pendergrass Wikipedia Page
Pendergrass may refer to:
search term: runoff changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: westerly jet Wikipedia Page
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search term: linear detrending Wikipedia Page
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search term: optimal fingerprinting Wikipedia Page
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search term: Volcanic Aerosols Wikipedia Page
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. The process that forms volcanoes is called volcanism.
search term: radiative effect Wikipedia Page
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search term: Arabian Sea Wikipedia Page
The Arabian Sea (Arabic: بَحرُ ٱلْعَرَبْ, romanized: baḥr al-ʿarab)[1] is a region of sea in the northern Indian Ocean, bounded on the west by the Arabian Peninsula, Gulf of Aden and Guardafui Channel, on the northwest by Gulf of Oman and Iran, on the north by Pakistan, on the east by India, and on the southeast by the Laccadive Sea[2] and the Maldives, on the southwest by Somalia.[3] Its total area is 3,862,000 km2 (1,491,000 sq mi) and its maximum depth is 5,395 meters (17,700 feet). The Gulf of Aden in the west connects the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest, connecting it to the Persian Gulf.
search term: equatorial sea surface Wikipedia Page
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search term: missed compensating Wikipedia Page
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search term: global upper ocean Wikipedia Page
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search term: Process Representation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Carbon Wikipedia Page
Carbon (from Latin carbo 'coal') is a chemical element; it has symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—meaning that its atoms are able to form up to four covalent bonds due to its valence shell exhibiting 4 electrons. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table.[14] Carbon makes up about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust.[15] Three isotopes occur naturally, 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is a radionuclide, decaying with a half-life of 5,700 years.[16] Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity.[17]
search term: Warming Events Wikipedia Page
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search term: Eocene Wikipedia Page
The Eocene (IPA: /ˈiːəsiːn, ˈiːoʊ-/ EE-ə-seen, EE-oh-[5][6]) is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name Eocene comes from the Ancient Greek Ἠώς (Ēṓs, "Dawn") and καινός (kainós, "new") and refers to the "dawn" of modern ('new') fauna that appeared during the epoch.[7][8]
search term: subtropics Wikipedia Page
The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from 23°26′09.8″ (or 23.43607°) to approximately 35° north and south. The horse latitudes lie within this range.
search term: parameterizations Wikipedia Page
In mathematics, and more specifically in geometry, parametrization (or parameterization; also parameterisation, parametrisation) is the process of finding parametric equations of a curve, a surface, or, more generally, a manifold or a variety, defined by an implicit equation. The inverse process is called implicitization.[1] "To parameterize" by itself means "to express in terms of parameters".[2]
search term: local melting Wikipedia Page
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search term: Antarctic sea ice cover Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP6 climate models Wikipedia Page
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search term: Amundsen Sea Low Wikipedia Page
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search term: SAM trend Wikipedia Page
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search term: solar variability Wikipedia Page
Solar variability refers to changes in solar activity, such as:
search term: rainfall latitudinal patterns Wikipedia Page
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search term: Multivariate Climate Change Signals Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP6 configurations Wikipedia Page
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search term: subpolar gyre Wikipedia Page
In oceanography, a gyre (/ˈdʒaɪər/) is any large system of circulating ocean surface currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements. Gyres are caused by the Coriolis effect; planetary vorticity, horizontal friction and vertical friction determine the circulatory patterns from the wind stress curl (torque).[1]
search term: climate monitoring Wikipedia Page
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search term: surface melting Wikipedia Page
Premelting (also surface melting) refers to a quasi-liquid film that can occur on the surface of a solid even below melting point (). The thickness of the film is temperature () dependent. This effect is common for all crystalline materials. Premelting shows its effects in frost heave, and, taking grain boundary interfaces into account, maybe even in the movement of glaciers.
search term: influenced attribution results Wikipedia Page
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search term: Diagonal lines Wikipedia Page
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search term: global monsoon domain Wikipedia Page
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search term: cool near surface tropical bias Wikipedia Page
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search term: Interdecadal Pacific Wikipedia Page
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search term: system models Wikipedia Page
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search term: colored bars Wikipedia Page
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search term: confidence Wikipedia Page
Confidence is the feeling of belief or trust that a person or thing is reliable.[1] Self-confidence is trust in oneself. Self-confidence involves a positive belief that one can generally accomplish what one wishes to do in the future.[2] Self-confidence is not the same as self-esteem, which is an evaluation of one's worth. Self-confidence is related to self-efficacy—belief in one's ability to accomplish a specific task or goal.[3][4] Confidence can be a self-fulfilling prophecy, as those without it may fail because they lack it, and those with it may succeed because they have it rather than because of an innate ability or skill.
search term: Africa Wikipedia Page
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area.[9] With nearly 1.4 billion people as of 2021, it accounts for about 18% of the world's human population. Africa's population is the youngest among all the continents;[10][11] the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4.[12] Based on 2024 projections, Africa's population will reach 3.8 billion people by 2099.[13] Despite a wide range of natural resources, Africa is the least wealthy continent per capita and second-least wealthy by total wealth, ahead of Oceania. Scholars have attributed this to different factors including geography, climate,[14] corruption,[14] colonialism, the Cold War,[15][16] and neocolonialism. Despite this low concentration of wealth, recent economic expansion and a large and young population make Africa an important economic market in the broader global context. Africa has a large quantity of natural resources and food resources, including diamonds, sugar, salt, gold, iron, cobalt, uranium, copper, bauxite, silver, petroleum, natural gas, cocoa beans, and tropical fruit.
search term: simulated temperature anomalies Wikipedia Page
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search term: kernel density estimation Wikipedia Page
In statistics, kernel density estimation (KDE) is the application of kernel smoothing for probability density estimation, i.e., a non-parametric method to estimate the probability density function of a random variable based on kernels as weights. KDE answers a fundamental data smoothing problem where inferences about the population are made based on a finite data sample. In some fields such as signal processing and econometrics it is also termed the Parzen–Rosenblatt window method, after Emanuel Parzen and Murray Rosenblatt, who are usually credited with independently creating it in its current form.[1][2] One of the famous applications of kernel density estimation is in estimating the class-conditional marginal densities of data when using a naive Bayes classifier, which can improve its prediction accuracy.[3]
search term: Antarctic sea ice trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: global surface temperature variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: serial correlation Wikipedia Page
Autocorrelation, sometimes known as serial correlation in the discrete time case, is the correlation of a signal with a delayed copy of itself as a function of delay. Informally, it is the similarity between observations of a random variable as a function of the time lag between them. The analysis of autocorrelation is a mathematical tool for finding repeating patterns, such as the presence of a periodic signal obscured by noise, or identifying the missing fundamental frequency in a signal implied by its harmonic frequencies. It is often used in signal processing for analyzing functions or series of values, such as time domain signals.
search term: Orographic Forcing Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP6 simulated trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: regional averages Wikipedia Page
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search term: extreme precipitation than Wikipedia Page
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search term: soil moisture Wikipedia Page
Soil moisture is the water content of the soil. It can be expressed in terms of volume or weight. Soil moisture measurement can be based on in situ probes (e.g., capacitance probes, neutron probes) or remote sensing methods.[1][2]
search term: glaciers Wikipedia Page
A glacier (US: /ˈɡleɪʃər/; UK: /ˈɡlæsiər, ˈɡleɪsiər/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving downhill under its own weight. A glacier forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation over many years, often centuries. It acquires distinguishing features, such as crevasses and seracs, as it slowly flows and deforms under stresses induced by its weight. As it moves, it abrades rock and debris from its substrate to create landforms such as cirques, moraines, or fjords. Although a glacier may flow into a body of water, it forms only on land and is distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water.
search term: GFDL Wikipedia Page
The GNU Free Documentation License (GNU FDL or GFDL) is a copyleft license for free documentation, designed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU Project. It is similar to the GNU General Public License, giving readers the rights to copy, redistribute, and modify (except for "invariant sections") a work and requires all copies and derivatives to be available under the same license. Copies may also be sold commercially, but, if produced in larger quantities (greater than 100), the original document or source code must be made available to the work's recipient.
search term: Cycle Wikipedia Page
Cycle, cycles, or cyclic may refer to:
search term: UKESM1 Wikipedia Page
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search term: decreased track densities Wikipedia Page
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search term: cryosphere Wikipedia Page
The cryosphere is an umbrella term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form. This includes sea ice, ice on lakes or rivers, snow, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost). Thus, there is a overlap with the hydrosphere. The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate system. It also has important feedbacks on the climate system. These feedbacks come from the cryosphere's influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes, clouds, the water cycle, atmospheric and oceanic circulation.
search term: Southern Hemisphere edge Wikipedia Page
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search term: annual surface specific humidity Wikipedia Page
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search term: water mass properties Wikipedia Page
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search term: bootstrap method Wikipedia Page
Bootstrapping is a procedure for estimating the distribution of an estimator by resampling (often with replacement) one's data or a model estimated from the data.[1] Bootstrapping assigns measures of accuracy (bias, variance, confidence intervals, prediction error, etc.) to sample estimates.[2][3] This technique allows estimation of the sampling distribution of almost any statistic using random sampling methods.[1]
search term: GISTEMP Wikipedia Page
Global surface temperature (GST) is the average temperature of Earth's surface. More precisely, it is the weighted average of the temperatures over the ocean and land. The former is also called sea surface temperature and the latter is called surface air temperature. Temperature data comes mainly from weather stations and satellites. To estimate data in the distant past, proxy data can be used for example from tree rings, corals, and ice cores.[1] Observing the rising GST over time is one of the many lines of evidence supporting the scientific consensus on climate change, which is that human activities are causing climate change. Alternative terms for the same thing are global mean surface temperature (GMST) or global average surface temperature.
search term: AMOC response Wikipedia Page
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search term: multivariate analyses Wikipedia Page
Multivariate statistics is a subdivision of statistics encompassing the simultaneous observation and analysis of more than one outcome variable, i.e., multivariate random variables. Multivariate statistics concerns understanding the different aims and background of each of the different forms of multivariate analysis, and how they relate to each other. The practical application of multivariate statistics to a particular problem may involve several types of univariate and multivariate analyses in order to understand the relationships between variables and their relevance to the problem being studied.
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search term: IPCC First Assessment Report Wikipedia Page
The First Assessment Report (FAR) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was completed in 1990. It served as the basis of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This report had effects not only on the establishment of the UNFCCC, but also on the first session of the Conference of the Parties (COP), held in Berlin in 1995.[1] The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report that said they were certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface. They calculated with confidence that CO2 had been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect.
search term: Naturally Wikipedia Page
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search term: satellite altimeter trend pattern Wikipedia Page
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search term: historical ozone concentration Wikipedia Page
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search term: Last Glacial Maximum Wikipedia Page
The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), also referred to as the Last Glacial Coldest Period,[1] was the most recent time during the Last Glacial Period where ice sheets were at their greatest extent 26,000 and 20,000 years ago.[2] Ice sheets covered much of Northern North America, Northern Europe, and Asia and profoundly affected Earth's climate by causing a major expansion of deserts,[3] along with a large drop in sea levels.[4]
search term: September sea ice melting trend Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean circulation Wikipedia Page
An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of seawater generated by a number of forces acting upon the water, including wind, the Coriolis effect, breaking waves, cabbeling, and temperature and salinity differences.[1] Depth contours, shoreline configurations, and interactions with other currents influence a current's direction and strength. Ocean currents move both horizontally, on scales that can span entire oceans, as well as vertically, with vertical currents (upwelling and downwelling) playing an important role in the movement of nutrients and gases, such as carbon dioxide, between the surface and the deep ocean.
search term: Community Earth System Model Wikipedia Page
The Community Earth System Model (CESM) is a fully coupled numerical simulation of the Earth system consisting of atmospheric, ocean, ice, land surface, carbon cycle, and other components. CESM includes a climate model providing state-of-art simulations of the Earth's past, present, and future.[1] It is the successor of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM), specifically version 4 (CCSMv4), which provided the initial atmospheric component for CESM. Strong ensemble forecasting capabilities, CESM-LE (CESM-Large Ensemble), were developed at the onset to control for error and biases across different model runs (realizations).[2] Simulations from the Earth's surface through the thermosphere are generated utilizing the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). CESM1 was released in 2010 with primary development by the Climate and Global Dynamics Division (CGD) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), and significant funding by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Department of Energy (DoE).[3]
search term: global mean temperatures Wikipedia Page
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search term: regional precipitation Wikipedia Page
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search term: streamflow changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: wildfires Wikipedia Page
A wildfire, forest fire, or a bushfire is an unplanned, uncontrolled and unpredictable fire in an area of combustible vegetation.[1][2] Depending on the type of vegetation present, a wildfire may be more specifically identified as a bushfire (in Australia), desert fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, prairie fire, vegetation fire, or veld fire.[3] Some natural forest ecosystems depend on wildfire.[4] Wildfires are different from controlled or prescribed burning, which are carried out to provide a benefit for people. Modern forest management often engages in prescribed burns to mitigate fire risk and promote natural forest cycles. However, controlled burns can turn into wildfires by mistake.
search term: multidecadal NAO Wikipedia Page
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search term: glacier recession Wikipedia Page
Glacial motion is the motion of glaciers, which can be likened to rivers of ice. It has played an important role in sculpting many landscapes. Most lakes in the world occupy basins scoured out by glaciers. Glacial motion can be fast (up to 30 metres per day (98 ft/d), observed on Jakobshavn Isbræ in Greenland)[1] or slow (0.5 metres per year (20 in/year) on small glaciers or in the center of ice sheets), but is typically around 25 centimetres per day (9.8 in/d).[2]
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search term: grid square Wikipedia Page
The term Grid square has multiple uses
search term: decadal variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: England Wikipedia Page
– in Europe (green & dark grey)
– in the United Kingdom (green)
search term: ERA5 Wikipedia Page
The ECMWF reanalysis project is a meteorological reanalysis project carried out by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The first reanalysis product, ERA-15, generated reanalyses for approximately 15 years, from December 1978 to February 1994. The second product, ERA-40 (originally intended as a 40-year reanalysis) begins in 1957 (the International Geophysical Year) and covers 45 years to 2002. As a precursor to a revised extended reanalysis product to replace ERA-40, ECMWF released ERA-Interim, which covers the period from 1979 to 2019. A new reanalysis product ERA5 has more recently been released by ECMWF as part of Copernicus Climate Change Services. This product has higher spatial resolution (31 km) and covers the period from 1979 to present. Extension up to 1940 became available in 2023.[1]
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search term: Internal decadal variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Climate Wikipedia Page
This is an accepted version of this page
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search term: Oceanic Climate Change Wikipedia Page
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search term: Greenland ice sheet Wikipedia Page
The Greenland ice sheet is an ice sheet which forms the second largest body of ice in the world. It is an average of 1.67 km (1.0 mi) thick, and over 3 km (1.9 mi) thick at its maximum.[2] It is almost 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) long in a north–south direction, with a maximum width of 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) at a latitude of 77°N, near its northern edge.[1] The ice sheet covers 1,710,000 square kilometres (660,000 sq mi), around 80% of the surface of Greenland, or about 12% of the area of the Antarctic ice sheet.[2] The term 'Greenland ice sheet' is often shortened to GIS or GrIS in scientific literature.[3][4][5][6]
search term: Total column water vapour trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: AMOC evolution Wikipedia Page
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search term: paleoclimate Wikipedia Page
Paleoclimatology (British spelling, palaeoclimatology) is the scientific study of climates predating the invention of meteorological instruments, when no direct measurement data were available.[1] As instrumental records only span a tiny part of Earth's history, the reconstruction of ancient climate is important to understand natural variation and the evolution of the current climate.
search term: climate system Wikipedia Page
Earth's climate system is a complex system with five interacting components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things).[1]: 1451 Climate is the statistical characterization of the climate system.[1]: 1450 It represents the average weather, typically over a period of 30 years, and is determined by a combination of processes, such as ocean currents and wind patterns.[2][3] Circulation in the atmosphere and oceans transports heat from the tropical regions to regions that receive less energy from the Sun. Solar radiation is the main driving force for this circulation. The water cycle also moves energy throughout the climate system. In addition, certain chemical elements are constantly moving between the components of the climate system. Two examples for these biochemical cycles are the carbon and nitrogen cycles.
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search term: Distinctive Wikipedia Page
Distinction, distinct or distinctive may refer to:
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search term: World Ocean Wikipedia Page
The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of Earth.[8] In English, the term ocean also refers to any of the large bodies of water into which the world ocean is conventionally divided.[9] The following names describe five different areas of the ocean: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic/Southern, and Arctic.[10][11] The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water[8] and is the primary component of Earth's hydrosphere and is thereby essential to life on Earth. The ocean influences climate and weather patterns, the carbon cycle, and the water cycle by acting as a huge heat reservoir.
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search term: sea level pressure Wikipedia Page
Atmospheric pressure, also known as air pressure or barometric pressure (after the barometer), is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth. The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as 101,325 Pa (1,013.25 hPa), which is equivalent to 1,013.25 millibars,[1] 760 mm Hg, 29.9212 inches Hg, or 14.696 psi.[2] The atm unit is roughly equivalent to the mean sea-level atmospheric pressure on Earth; that is, the Earth's atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 1 atm.
search term: Antarctic sea ice extent Wikipedia Page
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search term: CLIVAR Wikipedia Page
CLIVAR (climate variability and predictability) is a component of the World Climate Research Programme. Its purpose is to describe and understand climate variability and predictability on seasonal to centennial time-scales, identify the physical processes responsible for climate change and develop modeling and predictive capabilities for climate modelling.[1]
search term: Atlantic Niño variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: AMV Wikipedia Page
search term: Interdecadal Variations Wikipedia Page
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search term: Tasman Sea Wikipedia Page
The Tasman Sea is a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean, situated between Australia and New Zealand. It measures about 2,000 km (1,200 mi) across and about 2,800 km (1,700 mi) from north to south. The sea was named after the Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman, who in 1642 was the first known person to cross it. British explorer Lieutenant James Cook later extensively navigated the Tasman Sea in the 1770s during his three voyages of exploration.[1]
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search term: Pacific Decadal Variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: human activities Wikipedia Page
1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville · Marx · Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto · Tönnies · Veblen · Simmel · Durkheim · Addams · Mead · Weber · Du Bois · Mannheim · Elias
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search term: Dynamics Wikipedia Page
Dynamics (from Greek δυναμικός dynamikos "powerful", from δύναμις dynamis "power") or dynamic may refer to:
search term: Cyclones Wikipedia Page
In meteorology, a cyclone (/ˈsaɪ.kloʊn/) is a large air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere as viewed from above (opposite to an anticyclone).[1][2] Cyclones are characterized by inward-spiraling winds that rotate about a zone of low pressure.[3][4] The largest low-pressure systems are polar vortices and extratropical cyclones of the largest scale (the synoptic scale). Warm-core cyclones such as tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones also lie within the synoptic scale.[5] Mesocyclones, tornadoes, and dust devils lie within the smaller mesoscale.[6]
search term: Variability Wikipedia Page
Variability is how spread out or closely clustered a set of data is.
search term: ocean biogeochemical processes Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ice Shelves Wikipedia Page
An ice shelf is a large platform of glacial ice floating on the ocean, fed by one or multiple tributary glaciers. Ice shelves form along coastlines where the ice thickness is insufficient to displace the more dense surrounding ocean water. The boundary between the ice shelf (floating) and grounded ice (resting on bedrock or sediment) is referred to as the grounding line; the boundary between the ice shelf and the open ocean (often covered by sea ice) is the ice front or calving front.
search term: Global warming Wikipedia Page
In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution.[3][4] Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices add to greenhouse gases.[5] These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, has grown by about 50% and is at levels unseen for millions of years.[6]
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search term: 500 m Wikipedia Page
The 500 metres is an uncommon middle-distance running event in track and field and road running competitions.
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search term: snowfall Wikipedia Page
Snow comprises individual ice crystals that grow while suspended in the atmosphere—usually within clouds—and then fall, accumulating on the ground where they undergo further changes.[2] It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle, starting when, under suitable conditions, the ice crystals form in the atmosphere, increase to millimeter size, precipitate and accumulate on surfaces, then metamorphose in place, and ultimately melt, slide or sublimate away.
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search term: water cycle Wikipedia Page
The water cycle (or hydrologic cycle or hydrological cycle), is a biogeochemical cycle that involves the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time. However, the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, salt water and atmospheric water is variable and depends on climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere. The processes that drive these movements are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, sublimation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different forms: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor. The ocean plays a key role in the water cycle as it is the source of 86% of global evaporation.[2]
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search term: Indian Ocean Basin Mode Wikipedia Page
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search term: vortices Wikipedia Page
In fluid dynamics, a vortex (pl.: vortices or vortexes)[1][2] is a region in a fluid in which the flow revolves around an axis line, which may be straight or curved.[3][4] Vortices form in stirred fluids, and may be observed in smoke rings, whirlpools in the wake of a boat, and the winds surrounding a tropical cyclone, tornado or dust devil.
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search term: reconstructed Wikipedia Page
Reconstruction may refer to:
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search term: Hemisphere Wikipedia Page
Hemisphere may refer to:
search term: Interglacial period Wikipedia Page
An interglacial period (or alternatively interglacial, interglaciation) is a geological interval of warmer global average temperature lasting thousands of years that separates consecutive glacial periods within an ice age. The current Holocene interglacial began at the end of the Pleistocene, about 11,700 years ago.
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Metric or metrical may refer to:
search term: North Atlantic Climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: Canada Wikipedia Page
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's second-largest country by total area, with the world's longest coastline. Its border with the United States is the world's longest international land border. The country is characterized by a wide range of both meteorologic and geological regions. It is a sparsely inhabited country of just over 41 million people, the majority residing south of the 49th parallel in urban areas. Canada's capital is Ottawa and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.
search term: multivariate analysis Wikipedia Page
Multivariate statistics is a subdivision of statistics encompassing the simultaneous observation and analysis of more than one outcome variable, i.e., multivariate random variables. Multivariate statistics concerns understanding the different aims and background of each of the different forms of multivariate analysis, and how they relate to each other. The practical application of multivariate statistics to a particular problem may involve several types of univariate and multivariate analyses in order to understand the relationships between variables and their relevance to the problem being studied.
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search term: Mediterranean Wikipedia Page
The Mediterranean Sea (/ˌmɛdɪtəˈreɪniən/ MED-ih-tə-RAY-nee-ən) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border. The Mediterranean has played a central role in the history of Western civilization. Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago, the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely desiccated over a period of some 600,000 years during the Messinian salinity crisis before being refilled by the Zanclean flood about 5.3 million years ago.
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search term: Western Europe Wikipedia Page
Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's extent varies depending on context. The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the ancient Mediterranean world, the Roman Empire (both Western and Eastern), and medieval "Christendom". Beginning with the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery, roughly from the 15th century, the concept of Europe as "the West" slowly became distinguished from and eventually replaced the dominant use of "Christendom" as the preferred endonym within the area.[1] By the Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, the concepts of "Eastern Europe" and "Western Europe" were more regularly used.[2] The distinctiveness of Western Europe became most apparent during the Cold War, when Europe was divided for 40 years by the Iron Curtain into the Western Bloc and Eastern Bloc, each characterised by distinct political and economical systems.[3]
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search term: ocean heat uptake Wikipedia Page
Ocean heat content (OHC) or ocean heat uptake (OHU) is the energy absorbed and stored by oceans. To calculate the ocean heat content, it is necessary to measure ocean temperature at many different locations and depths. Integrating the areal density of a change in enthalpic energy over an ocean basin or entire ocean gives the total ocean heat uptake.[2] Between 1971 and 2018, the rise in ocean heat content accounted for over 90% of Earth's excess energy from global heating.[3][4] The main driver of this increase was caused by humans via their rising greenhouse gas emissions.[5]: 1228 By 2020, about one third of the added energy had propagated to depths below 700 meters.[6][7]
search term: Coupled models display Wikipedia Page
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search term: biochemical processes Wikipedia Page
Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.[1] A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology, and metabolism. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become successful at explaining living processes through these three disciplines. Almost all areas of the life sciences are being uncovered and developed through biochemical methodology and research.[2] Biochemistry focuses on understanding the chemical basis which allows biological molecules to give rise to the processes that occur within living cells and between cells,[3] in turn relating greatly to the understanding of tissues and organs as well as organism structure and function.[4] Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, the study of the molecular mechanisms of biological phenomena.[5]
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Numerical climate models (or climate system models) are mathematical models that can simulate the interactions of important drivers of climate. These drivers are the atmosphere, oceans, land surface and ice. Scientists use climate models to study the dynamics of the climate system and to make projections of future climate and of climate change. Climate models can also be qualitative (i.e. not numerical) models and contain narratives, largely descriptive, of possible futures.[1]
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The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization. NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the National Academy of Medicine (NAM).
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Geoscientific Model Development is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. It covers the description, development, and evaluation of numerical models of the Earth system and its components.
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The historical and ongoing droughts in California result from various complex meteorological phenomena, some of which are not fully understood by scientists.
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Thermohaline circulation (THC) is a part of the large-scale ocean circulation that is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes.[1][2] The adjective thermohaline derives from thermo- referring to temperature and -haline referring to salt content, factors which together determine the density of sea water. Wind-driven surface currents (such as the Gulf Stream) travel polewards from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, cooling en route, and eventually sinking at high latitudes (forming North Atlantic Deep Water). This dense water then flows into the ocean basins.[3] While the bulk of it upwells in the Southern Ocean, the oldest waters (with a transit time of about 1000 years) upwell in the North Pacific.[4] Extensive mixing therefore takes place between the ocean basins, reducing differences between them and making the Earth's oceans a global system.[3] The water in these circuits transport both energy (in the form of heat) and mass (dissolved solids and gases) around the globe. As such, the state of the circulation has a large impact on the climate of the Earth.
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In mathematics, and more specifically in geometry, parametrization (or parameterization; also parameterisation, parametrisation) is the process of finding parametric equations of a curve, a surface, or, more generally, a manifold or a variety, defined by an implicit equation. The inverse process is called implicitization.[1] "To parameterize" by itself means "to express in terms of parameters".[2]
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Water vapor, water vapour or aqueous vapor is the gaseous phase of water. It is one state of water within the hydrosphere. Water vapor can be produced from the evaporation or boiling of liquid water or from the sublimation of ice. Water vapor is transparent, like most constituents of the atmosphere.[1] Under typical atmospheric conditions, water vapor is continuously generated by evaporation and removed by condensation. It is less dense than most of the other constituents of air and triggers convection currents that can lead to clouds and fog.
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A simulation is an imitative representation of a process or system that could exist in the real world.[1][2][3] In this broad sense, simulation can often be used interchangeably with model.[2] Sometimes a clear distinction between the two terms is made, in which simulations require the use of models; the model represents the key characteristics or behaviors of the selected system or process, whereas the simulation represents the evolution of the model over time.[3] Another way to distinguish between the terms is to define simulation as experimentation with the help of a model.[4] This definition includes time-independent simulations. Often, computers are used to execute the simulation.
search term: extratropical storm Wikipedia Page
Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are low-pressure areas which, along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas, drive the weather over much of the Earth. Extratropical cyclones are capable of producing anything from cloudiness and mild showers to severe gales, thunderstorms, blizzards, and tornadoes. These types of cyclones are defined as large scale (synoptic) low pressure weather systems that occur in the middle latitudes of the Earth. In contrast with tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones produce rapid changes in temperature and dew point along broad lines, called weather fronts, about the center of the cyclone.[1]
search term: Working Group I Wikipedia Page
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations. Its job is to advance scientific knowledge about climate change caused by human activities.[1] The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) set up the IPCC in 1988. The United Nations endorsed the creation of the IPCC later that year.[2] It has a secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, hosted by the WMO. It has 195 member states who govern the IPCC.[3] The member states elect a bureau of scientists to serve through an assessment cycle. A cycle is usually six to seven years. The bureau selects experts in their fields to prepare IPCC reports.[4] There is a formal nomination process by governments and observer organizations to find these experts. The IPCC has three working groups and a task force, which carry out its scientific work.[4]
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A glacier (US: /ˈɡleɪʃər/; UK: /ˈɡlæsiər, ˈɡleɪsiər/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving downhill under its own weight. A glacier forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation over many years, often centuries. It acquires distinguishing features, such as crevasses and seracs, as it slowly flows and deforms under stresses induced by its weight. As it moves, it abrades rock and debris from its substrate to create landforms such as cirques, moraines, or fjords. Although a glacier may flow into a body of water, it forms only on land and is distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water.
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The United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) is a report about the effects of climate change on the world's seas, sea ice, icecaps and glaciers. It was approved at the IPCC's 51st Session (IPCC-51) in September 2019 in Monaco.[1] The SROCC's approved Summary for Policymakers (SPM) was released on 25 September 2019.[2] The 1,300-page report by 104 authors and editors representing 36 countries referred to 6,981 publications.[1] The report is the third in the series of three Special Reports in the current Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) cycle, which began in 2015 and was completed in 2022.[3][4] The first was the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C,[5] while the second was the Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL), also known as the "Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems", which was released on 7 August 2019.
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Solar phenomena are natural phenomena which occur within the atmosphere of the Sun. They take many forms, including solar wind, radio wave flux, solar flares, coronal mass ejections,[1] coronal heating and sunspots.
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A fingerprint is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger. The recovery of partial fingerprints from a crime scene is an important method of forensic science. Moisture and grease on a finger result in fingerprints on surfaces such as glass or metal. Deliberate impressions of entire fingerprints can be obtained by ink or other substances transferred from the peaks of friction ridges on the skin to a smooth surface such as paper. Fingerprint records normally contain impressions from the pad on the last joint of fingers and thumbs, though fingerprint cards also typically record portions of lower joint areas of the fingers.
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The Earth System Research Laboratories (ESRL) is an alliance of four NOAA scientific labs, all located in the David Skaggs Research Center on the Department of Commerce campus in Boulder, Colorado. Organized under NOAA's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, ESRL's main goal is to advance the scientific understanding of weather, climate, air quality, water resources, and other Earth system components.
search term: tropical Wikipedia Page
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's axial tilt; the width of the tropics (in latitude) is twice the tilt. The tropics are also referred to as the tropical zone and the torrid zone (see geographical zone).
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The Last Interglacial, also known as the Eemian, was the interglacial period which began about 130,000 years ago at the end of the Penultimate Glacial Period and ended about 115,000 years ago at the beginning of the Last Glacial Period.[1] It corresponds to Marine Isotope Stage 5e.[2] It was the second-to-latest interglacial period of the current Ice Age, the most recent being the Holocene which extends to the present day (having followed the last glacial period). During the Last Interglacial, the proportion of CO2 in the atmosphere was about 280 parts per million.[3] The Last Interglacial was one of the warmest periods of the last 800,000 years, with temperatures comparable to and at times warmer (by up to on average 2 degrees Celsius) than the contemporary Holocene interglacial,[4][5] with the maximum sea level being up to 6 to 9 metres higher than at present, with global ice volume likely also being smaller than the Holocene interglacial.[6]
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Performance attribution, or investment performance attribution is a set of techniques that performance analysts use to explain why a portfolio's performance differed from the benchmark. This difference between the portfolio return and the benchmark return is known as the active return. The active return is the component of a portfolio's performance that arises from the fact that the portfolio is actively managed.
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In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution.[3][4] Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices add to greenhouse gases.[5] These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, has grown by about 50% and is at levels unseen for millions of years.[6]
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An atlas is a collection of maps; it is typically a bundle of maps of Earth or of a continent or region of Earth.
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Family (from Latin: familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order.[1] Ideally, families offer predictability, structure, and safety as members mature and learn to participate in the community.[2] Historically, most human societies use family as the primary purpose of attachment, nurturance, and socialization.[3][4][5][6]
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search term: Hadley cells Wikipedia Page
The Hadley cell, also known as the Hadley circulation, is a global-scale tropical atmospheric circulation that features air rising near the equator, flowing poleward near the tropopause at a height of 12–15 km (7.5–9.3 mi) above the Earth's surface, cooling and descending in the subtropics at around 25 degrees latitude, and then returning equatorward near the surface. It is a thermally direct circulation within the troposphere that emerges due to differences in insolation and heating between the tropics and the subtropics. On a yearly average, the circulation is characterized by a circulation cell on each side of the equator. The Southern Hemisphere Hadley cell is slightly stronger on average than its northern counterpart, extending slightly beyond the equator into the Northern Hemisphere. During the summer and winter months, the Hadley circulation is dominated by a single, cross-equatorial cell with air rising in the summer hemisphere and sinking in the winter hemisphere. Analogous circulations may occur in extraterrestrial atmospheres, such as on Venus and Mars.
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The Azores (/əˈzɔːrz/ ə-ZORZ, US also /ˈeɪzɔːrz/, AY-zorz;[4][5] Portuguese: Açores, Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐˈsoɾɨʃ]), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (Região Autónoma dos Açores), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about 1,400 km (870 mi) west of Lisbon, about 1,500 km (930 mi) northwest of Morocco, and about 1,930 km (1,200 mi) southeast of Newfoundland, Canada.
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search term: North Atlantic decadal variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: collapsed Wikipedia Page
Into the Rush is the debut studio album by American pop rock duo Aly & AJ, released by Disney-owned label Hollywood Records on August 16, 2005. The album features 14 tracks, including the singles "Rush" and "Do You Believe in Magic". A deluxe edition of the album was released in 2006 three all new songs, two new mixes of previous songs, and a bonus DVD. A vinyl reissue of the album was released in 2021.
search term: monsoons Wikipedia Page
A monsoon (/mɒnˈsuːn/) is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation[1] but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal oscillation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) between its limits to the north and south of the equator. Usually, the term monsoon is used to refer to the rainy phase of a seasonally changing pattern, although technically there is also a dry phase. The term is also sometimes used to describe locally heavy but short-term rains.[2][3]
search term: solar dimming Wikipedia Page
Global dimming is a decline in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface.[2][3] It is caused by atmospheric particulate matter, predominantly sulfate aerosols, which are components of air pollution.[4] Global dimming was observed soon after the first systematic measurements of solar irradiance began in the 1950s. This weakening of visible sunlight proceeded at the rate of 4–5% per decade until the 1980s.[1] During these years, air pollution increased due to post-war industrialization. Solar activity did not vary more than the usual during this period.[2][5]
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search term: ice loss Wikipedia Page
The retreat of glaciers since 1850 is a well-documented effect of climate change. The retreat of mountain glaciers provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century. Examples include mountain glaciers in western North America, Asia, the Alps in central Europe, and tropical and subtropical regions of South America and Africa. Since glacial mass is affected by long-term climatic changes, e.g. precipitation, mean temperature, and cloud cover, glacial mass changes are one of the most sensitive indicators of climate change. The retreat of glaciers is also a major reason for sea level rise. Excluding peripheral glaciers of ice sheets, the total cumulated global glacial losses over the 26 years from 1993 to 2018 were likely 5500 gigatons, or 210 gigatons per year.[1]: 1275
search term: eastern Pacific oxygen minimum zone Wikipedia Page
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search term: global mean sea level change Wikipedia Page
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search term: grey band Wikipedia Page
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search term: heatwaves Wikipedia Page
A heat wave[1] or heatwave,[2] sometimes described as extreme heat, is a period of abnormally hot weather.[3]: 2911 Definitions vary but are similar.[4] A heat wave is usually measured relative to the usual climate in the area and to normal temperatures for the season.[3]: 2911 Temperatures that humans from a hotter climate consider normal, can be regarded as a heat wave in a cooler area. This would be the case if the warm temperatures are outside the normal climate pattern for that area.[5] High humidity often occurs during heat waves as well. This is especially the case in oceanic climate countries. Heat waves have become more frequent, and more intense over land, across almost every area on Earth since the 1950s, the increase in frequency and duration being caused by climate change.[6][7]
search term: anthropogenic forcing show Wikipedia Page
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search term: interhemispheric rainfall variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: smoothing Wikipedia Page
In statistics and image processing, to smooth a data set is to create an approximating function that attempts to capture important patterns in the data, while leaving out noise or other fine-scale structures/rapid phenomena. In smoothing, the data points of a signal are modified so individual points higher than the adjacent points (presumably because of noise) are reduced, and points that are lower than the adjacent points are increased leading to a smoother signal. Smoothing may be used in two important ways that can aid in data analysis (1) by being able to extract more information from the data as long as the assumption of smoothing is reasonable and (2) by being able to provide analyses that are both flexible and robust.[1] Many different algorithms are used in smoothing.
search term: atmospheric convection Wikipedia Page
Atmospheric convection is the result of a parcel-environment instability (temperature difference layer) in the atmosphere.[jargon] Different lapse rates within dry and moist air masses lead to instability.[jargon] Mixing of air during the day expands the height of the planetary boundary layer,[jargon] leading to increased winds, cumulus cloud development, and decreased surface dew points. Convection involving moist air masses leads to thunderstorm development, which is often responsible for severe weather throughout the world. Special threats from thunderstorms include hail, downbursts, and tornadoes.
search term: Tropical Width Change Wikipedia Page
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search term: cloud cover Wikipedia Page
Cloud cover (also known as cloudiness, cloudage, or cloud amount) refers to the fraction of the sky obscured by clouds on average when observed from a particular location.[2] Okta is the usual unit for measurement of the cloud cover. The cloud cover is correlated to the sunshine duration as the least cloudy locales are the sunniest ones while the cloudiest areas are the least sunny places, as clouds can block sunlight, especially at sunrise and sunset where sunlight is already limited.
search term: prescribed SST Wikipedia Page
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search term: regional climate change Wikipedia Page
Effects of climate change are well documented and growing for Earth's natural environment and human societies. Changes to the climate system include an overall warming trend, changes to precipitation patterns, and more extreme weather. As the climate changes it impacts the natural environment with effects such as more intense forest fires, thawing permafrost, and desertification. These changes impact ecosystems and societies, and can become irreversible once tipping points are crossed. Climate activists are engaged in a range of activities around the world that seek to ameliorate these issues or prevent them from happening.[1]
search term: IOD magnitude bias Wikipedia Page
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search term: unforced global mean surface air temperature variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: methodology Wikipedia Page
In its most common sense, methodology is the study of research methods. However, the term can also refer to the methods themselves or to the philosophical discussion of associated background assumptions. A method is a structured procedure for bringing about a certain goal, like acquiring knowledge or verifying knowledge claims. This normally involves various steps, like choosing a sample, collecting data from this sample, and interpreting the data. The study of methods concerns a detailed description and analysis of these processes. It includes evaluative aspects by comparing different methods. This way, it is assessed what advantages and disadvantages they have and for what research goals they may be used. These descriptions and evaluations depend on philosophical background assumptions. Examples are how to conceptualize the studied phenomena and what constitutes evidence for or against them. When understood in the widest sense, methodology also includes the discussion of these more abstract issues.
search term: walker circulation Wikipedia Page
The Walker circulation, also known as the Walker cell, is a conceptual model of the air flow in the tropics in the lower atmosphere (troposphere). According to this model, parcels of air follow a closed circulation in the zonal and vertical directions. This circulation, which is roughly consistent with observations, is caused by differences in heat distribution between ocean and land. In addition to motions in the zonal and vertical direction the tropical atmosphere also has considerable motion in the meridional direction as part of, for example, the Hadley Circulation.
search term: atmospheric model cloud errors Wikipedia Page
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search term: simulated terrestrial water cycling Wikipedia Page
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search term: stratospheric ozone depletion Wikipedia Page
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search term: global average streamflow Wikipedia Page
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search term: DeepMIP Wikipedia Page
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search term: Randolph Glacier Inventory Wikipedia Page
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search term: Upper stratospheric temperature changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: paleoclimate model results Wikipedia Page
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search term: Atlantic meridional overturning circulation Wikipedia Page
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is the main ocean current system in the Atlantic Ocean.[1]: 2238 It is a component of Earth's ocean circulation system and plays an important role in the climate system. The AMOC includes Atlantic currents at the surface and at great depths that are driven by changes in weather, temperature and salinity. Those currents comprise half of the global thermohaline circulation that includes the flow of major ocean currents, the other half being the Southern Ocean overturning circulation.[2]
search term: Midlatitude Jet Wikipedia Page
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search term: Radiosonde Observation Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP Archives Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ecological modelling Wikipedia Page
An ecosystem model is an abstract, usually mathematical, representation of an ecological system (ranging in scale from an individual population, to an ecological community, or even an entire biome), which is studied to better understand the real system.[2]
search term: aerosol signal Wikipedia Page
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search term: latitudinal position Wikipedia Page
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search term: Human influence Wikipedia Page
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search term: Quasi Biennal Oscillation Wikipedia Page
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search term: surface mass Wikipedia Page
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search term: atmospheric models Wikipedia Page
In atmospheric science, an atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive, dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.
search term: East Pacific Wikipedia Page
Main five oceans division:
search term: GMST Wikipedia Page
search term: Climatologies Wikipedia Page
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search term: terrestrial carbon flux Wikipedia Page
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search term: global vegetation biomass Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ocean salinity biases Wikipedia Page
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search term: interannual time Wikipedia Page
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search term: South American Wikipedia Page
South America is a continent[h] entirely in the Western Hemisphere[i] and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern subregion of the Americas.
search term: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Wikipedia Page
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search term: precipitation trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: salty regions Wikipedia Page
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search term: Sea Surface Wikipedia Page
The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the boundary interface between the atmosphere and ocean, covering about 70% of Earth's surface. With an operationally defined thickness between 1 and 1,000 μm (1.0 mm), the SML has physicochemical and biological properties that are measurably distinct from underlying waters. Recent studies now indicate that the SML covers the ocean to a significant extent, and evidence shows that it is an aggregate-enriched biofilm environment with distinct microbial communities. Because of its unique position at the air-sea interface, the SML is central to a range of global marine biogeochemical and climate-related processes.[1]
search term: increasing greenhouse gases Wikipedia Page
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search term: enhanced summer monsoon precipitation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Parameterized Wikipedia Page
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search term: Greenland Ice Sheet mass loss trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: Palaeoecology Wikipedia Page
Paleoecology (also spelled palaeoecology) is the study of interactions between organisms and/or interactions between organisms and their environments across geologic timescales.[1] As a discipline, paleoecology interacts with, depends on and informs a variety of fields including paleontology, ecology, climatology and biology.
search term: CMIP6 historical Wikipedia Page
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search term: GMST anomaly time series Wikipedia Page
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search term: Model Wikipedia Page
A model is an informative representation of an object, person or system. The term originally denoted the plans of a building in late 16th-century English, and derived via French and Italian ultimately from Latin modulus, a measure.[1]
search term: global annual mean Wikipedia Page
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search term: nitrogen cycle Wikipedia Page
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. The majority of Earth's atmosphere (78%) is atmospheric nitrogen,[16] making it the largest source of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems.
search term: latitudinal shifts Wikipedia Page
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search term: vertical axis Wikipedia Page
In geometry, a Cartesian coordinate system (UK: /kɑːrˈtiːzjən/, US: /kɑːrˈtiːʒən/) in a plane is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely by a pair of real numbers called coordinates, which are the signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular oriented lines, called coordinate lines, coordinate axes or just axes (plural of axis) of the system. The point where the axes meet is called the origin and has (0, 0) as coordinates. The axes directions represent an orthogonal basis. The combination of origin and basis forms a coordinate frame called the Cartesian frame.
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search term: coastal waters Wikipedia Page
A coast – also called the coastline, shoreline, or seashore – is the land next to the sea or the line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake.[1][2] Coasts are influenced by the topography of the surrounding landscape, as well as by water induced erosion, such as waves. The geological composition of rock and soil dictates the type of shore that is created. Earth contains roughly 620,000 km (390,000 mi) of coastline.
search term: Central Pacific El Niño Wikipedia Page
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search term: Administration Wikipedia Page
Administration may refer to:
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search term: cyclones Wikipedia Page
In meteorology, a cyclone (/ˈsaɪ.kloʊn/) is a large air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere as viewed from above (opposite to an anticyclone).[1][2] Cyclones are characterized by inward-spiraling winds that rotate about a zone of low pressure.[3][4] The largest low-pressure systems are polar vortices and extratropical cyclones of the largest scale (the synoptic scale). Warm-core cyclones such as tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones also lie within the synoptic scale.[5] Mesocyclones, tornadoes, and dust devils lie within the smaller mesoscale.[6]
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search term: SST Wikipedia Page
search term: air temperature Wikipedia Page
Atmospheric temperature is a measure of temperature at different levels of the Earth's atmosphere. It is governed by many factors, including incoming solar radiation, humidity, and altitude. The abbreviation MAAT is often used for Mean Annual Air Temperature of a geographical location.
search term: American Meteorological Society Wikipedia Page
The American Meteorological Society (AMS) is a scientific and professional organization in the United States promoting and disseminating information about the atmospheric, oceanic, and hydrologic sciences. Its mission is to advance the atmospheric and related sciences, technologies, applications, and services for the benefit of society.[1]
search term: Forced Response Wikipedia Page
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search term: outgoing longwave radiation Wikipedia Page
In climate science, longwave radiation (LWR) is electromagnetic thermal radiation emitted by Earth's surface, atmosphere, and clouds. It may also be referred to as terrestrial radiation. This radiation is in the infrared portion of the spectrum, but is distinct from the shortwave (SW) near-infrared radiation found in sunlight.[1]: 2251
search term: discrepancies Wikipedia Page
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search term: hemispheric surface Wikipedia Page
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search term: Predictability Wikipedia Page
Predictability is the degree to which a correct prediction or forecast of a system's state can be made, either qualitatively or quantitatively.
search term: land warming Wikipedia Page
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search term: Regression coefficients Wikipedia Page
In statistics, linear regression is a statistical model that estimates the linear relationship between a scalar response (dependent variable) and one or more explanatory variables (regressor or independent variable). The case of one explanatory variable is called simple linear regression; for more than one, the process is called multiple linear regression.[1] This term is distinct from multivariate linear regression, where multiple correlated dependent variables are predicted, rather than a single scalar variable.[2] If the explanatory variables are measured with error then errors-in-variables models are required, also known as measurement error models.
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search term: anthropogenic warming Wikipedia Page
In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution.[3][4] Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices add to greenhouse gases.[5] These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, has grown by about 50% and is at levels unseen for millions of years.[6]
search term: volcanically forced decadal variations Wikipedia Page
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search term: observational data Wikipedia Page
In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints. One common observational study is about the possible effect of a treatment on subjects, where the assignment of subjects into a treated group versus a control group is outside the control of the investigator.[1][2] This is in contrast with experiments, such as randomized controlled trials, where each subject is randomly assigned to a treated group or a control group. Observational studies, for lacking an assignment mechanism, naturally present difficulties for inferential analysis.
search term: sea level rise budgets Wikipedia Page
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search term: global land summer monsoon precipitation Wikipedia Page
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search term: summer precipitation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Simulated internal variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: global atmospheric circulation trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: PETM Wikipedia Page
The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM), alternatively ”Eocene thermal maximum 1 (ETM1)“ and formerly known as the "Initial Eocene" or “Late Paleocene thermal maximum", was a geologically brief time interval characterized by a 5–8 °C global average temperature rise and massive input of carbon into the ocean and atmosphere.[1][2] The event began, now formally codified, at the precise time boundary between the Paleocene and Eocene geological epochs.[3] The exact age and duration of the PETM remain uncertain, but it occurred around 55.8 million years ago (Ma) and lasted about 200 thousand years (Ka).[4][5]
search term: Atlantic mode Wikipedia Page
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search term: Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity Wikipedia Page
Climate sensitivity is a key measure in climate science and describes how much Earth's surface will warm for a doubling in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration.[1][2] Its formal definition is: "The change in the surface temperature in response to a change in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration or other radiative forcing."[3]: 2223 This concept helps scientists understand the extent and magnitude of the effects of climate change.
search term: marine life Wikipedia Page
Marine life, sea life, or ocean life is the plants, animals, and other organisms that live in the salt water of seas or oceans, or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. At a fundamental level, marine life affects the nature of the planet. Marine organisms, mostly microorganisms, produce oxygen and sequester carbon. Marine life, in part, shape and protect shorelines, and some marine organisms even help create new land (e.g. coral building reefs).
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search term: observational error Wikipedia Page
Observational error (or measurement error) is the difference between a measured value of a quantity and its unknown true value.[1] Such errors are inherent in the measurement process; for example lengths measured with a ruler calibrated in whole centimeters will have a measurement error of several millimeters. The error or uncertainty of a measurement can be estimated, and is specified with the measurement as, for example, 32.3 ± 0.5 cm. (A mistake or blunder in the measurement process will give an incorrect value, rather than one subject to known measurement error.)
search term: plant communities Wikipedia Page
A plant community is a collection or association[1][page needed] of plant species within a designated geographical unit, which forms a relatively uniform patch, distinguishable from neighboring patches of different vegetation types. The components of each plant community are influenced by soil type, topography, climate and human disturbance. In many cases there are several soil types present within a given plant community.[2][page needed] This is because the soil type within an area is influenced by two factors, the rate at which water infiltrates or exits (via evapotranspiration) the soil, as well as the rate at which organic matter (any carbon-based compound within the environment, such as decaying plant matter) enters or decays from the soil.[3] Plant communities are studied substantially by ecologists, due to providing information on the effects of dispersal, tolerance to environmental conditions, and response to disturbance of a variety of plant species, information valuable to the comprehension of various plant community dynamics.[4]
search term: North Atlantic Oscillation predictability Wikipedia Page
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search term: global mean temperature trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: Tropical Cyclone Interaction Wikipedia Page
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search term: accounting Wikipedia Page
This is an accepted version of this page
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search term: Atlantic Oscillation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Enhanced Seasonal Exchange Wikipedia Page
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search term: maximum temperature Wikipedia Page
Maximum temperature may refer to:
search term: observational values Wikipedia Page
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search term: normalized principal component Wikipedia Page
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search term: streamflow Wikipedia Page
Streamflow, or channel runoff, is the flow of water in streams and other channels, and is a major element of the water cycle. It is one runoff component, the movement of water from the land to waterbodies, the other component being surface runoff. Water flowing in channels comes from surface runoff from adjacent hillslopes, from groundwater flow out of the ground, and from water discharged from pipes. The discharge of water flowing in a channel is measured using stream gauges or can be estimated by the Manning equation. The record of flow over time is called a hydrograph. Flooding occurs when the volume of water exceeds the capacity of the channel.
search term: meridional shift Wikipedia Page
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search term: external driver Wikipedia Page
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search term: attributable surface temperature warming Wikipedia Page
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search term: Pacific Ocean Dynamical Response Wikipedia Page
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search term: Below 700 m Wikipedia Page
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search term: Discriminant Analysis Wikipedia Page
Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), normal discriminant analysis (NDA), or discriminant function analysis is a generalization of Fisher's linear discriminant, a method used in statistics and other fields, to find a linear combination of features that characterizes or separates two or more classes of objects or events. The resulting combination may be used as a linear classifier, or, more commonly, for dimensionality reduction before later classification.
search term: North Atlantic Climate Variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Northern Hemisphere river flow Wikipedia Page
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search term: stratocumulus Wikipedia Page
A stratocumulus cloud, occasionally called a cumulostratus, belongs to a genus-type of clouds characterized by large dark, rounded masses, usually in groups, lines, or waves, the individual elements being larger than those in altocumulus, and the whole being at a lower height, usually below 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).[1][2] Weak convective currents create shallow cloud layers (see also: sea of clouds) because of drier, stable air above preventing continued vertical development. Historically, in English, this type of cloud has been referred to as a twain cloud for being a combination of two types of clouds.
search term: volcanic eruptions Wikipedia Page
Several types of volcanic eruptions—during which material is expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure—have been distinguished by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of behavior has been observed. Some volcanoes may exhibit only one characteristic type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may display an entire sequence of types all in one eruptive series.
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search term: chemistry Wikipedia Page
Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter.[1] It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during reactions with other substances.[2][3][4][5] Chemistry also addresses the nature of chemical bonds in chemical compounds.
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search term: convective Wikipedia Page
Convection is single or multiphase fluid flow that occurs spontaneously due to the combined effects of material property heterogeneity and body forces on a fluid, most commonly density and gravity (see buoyancy). When the cause of the convection is unspecified, convection due to the effects of thermal expansion and buoyancy can be assumed. Convection may also take place in soft solids or mixtures where particles can flow.
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search term: atmospheric inversion Wikipedia Page
In meteorology, an inversion (or temperature inversion) is a phenomenon in which a layer of warmer air overlies cooler air. Normally, air temperature gradually decreases as altitude increases, but this relationship is reversed in an inversion.[2]
search term: CMIP6 AMIP Wikipedia Page
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search term: mean surface temperature Wikipedia Page
Global surface temperature (GST) is the average temperature of Earth's surface. More precisely, it is the weighted average of the temperatures over the ocean and land. The former is also called sea surface temperature and the latter is called surface air temperature. Temperature data comes mainly from weather stations and satellites. To estimate data in the distant past, proxy data can be used for example from tree rings, corals, and ice cores.[1] Observing the rising GST over time is one of the many lines of evidence supporting the scientific consensus on climate change, which is that human activities are causing climate change. Alternative terms for the same thing are global mean surface temperature (GMST) or global average surface temperature.
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search term: CMIP6 Wikipedia Page
In climatology, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) is a collaborative framework designed to improve knowledge of climate change. It was organized in 1995 by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). It is developed in phases to foster the climate model improvements but also to support national and international assessments of climate change. A related project is the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) for global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (GCMs).
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search term: Tierney Wikipedia Page
Tierney /ˈtɪərni/ is an Irish surname, and a female given name.
search term: anthropogenic effects Wikipedia Page
1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville · Marx · Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto · Tönnies · Veblen · Simmel · Durkheim · Addams · Mead · Weber · Du Bois · Mannheim · Elias
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search term: Germany Wikipedia Page
– in Europe (light green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (light green)
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search term: multivariate linear regression Wikipedia Page
The general linear model or general multivariate regression model is a compact way of simultaneously writing several multiple linear regression models. In that sense it is not a separate statistical linear model. The various multiple linear regression models may be compactly written as[1]
search term: Northern Hemisphere spring snow cover Wikipedia Page
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search term: Antarctic Sea Ice Wikipedia Page
Antarctic sea ice is the sea ice of the Southern Ocean. It extends from the far north in the winter and retreats to almost the coastline every summer.[1] Sea ice is frozen seawater that is usually less than a few meters thick. This is the opposite of ice shelves, which are formed by glaciers; they float in the sea, and are up to a kilometre thick. There are two subdivisions of sea ice: fast ice, which are attached to land; and ice floes, which are not.
search term: ozone depletion Wikipedia Page
Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere,[citation needed] and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone (the ozone layer) around Earth's polar regions.[1] The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole. There are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events in addition to these stratospheric events.
search term: Ecosystems Wikipedia Page
An ecosystem (or ecological system) is a system that environments and their organisms form through their interaction.[2]: 458 The biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.
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search term: Fl Wikipedia Page
FL or variations may refer to:
search term: ECMWF Wikipedia Page
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is an independent intergovernmental organisation supported by most of the nations of Europe. It is based at three sites: Shinfield Park, Reading, United Kingdom; Bologna, Italy; and Bonn, Germany. It operates one of the largest supercomputer complexes in Europe and the world's largest archive of numerical weather prediction data.[1]
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A nutrient cycle (or ecological recycling) is the movement and exchange of inorganic and organic matter back into the production of matter. Energy flow is a unidirectional and noncyclic pathway, whereas the movement of mineral nutrients is cyclic. Mineral cycles include the carbon cycle, sulfur cycle, nitrogen cycle, water cycle, phosphorus cycle, oxygen cycle, among others that continually recycle along with other mineral nutrients into productive ecological nutrition.
search term: asymmetries Wikipedia Page
Asymmetry is the absence of, or a violation of, symmetry (the property of an object being invariant to a transformation, such as reflection).[1] Symmetry is an important property of both physical and abstract systems and it may be displayed in precise terms or in more aesthetic terms.[2] The absence of or violation of symmetry that are either expected or desired can have important consequences for a system.
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A weight function is a mathematical device used when performing a sum, integral, or average to give some elements more "weight" or influence on the result than other elements in the same set. The result of this application of a weight function is a weighted sum or weighted average. Weight functions occur frequently in statistics and analysis, and are closely related to the concept of a measure. Weight functions can be employed in both discrete and continuous settings. They can be used to construct systems of calculus called "weighted calculus"[1] and "meta-calculus".[2]
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search term: surface air temperature Wikipedia Page
Atmospheric temperature is a measure of temperature at different levels of the Earth's atmosphere. It is governed by many factors, including incoming solar radiation, humidity, and altitude. The abbreviation MAAT is often used for Mean Annual Air Temperature of a geographical location.
search term: temperature record Wikipedia Page
Global surface temperature (GST) is the average temperature of Earth's surface. More precisely, it is the weighted average of the temperatures over the ocean and land. The former is also called sea surface temperature and the latter is called surface air temperature. Temperature data comes mainly from weather stations and satellites. To estimate data in the distant past, proxy data can be used for example from tree rings, corals, and ice cores.[1] Observing the rising GST over time is one of the many lines of evidence supporting the scientific consensus on climate change, which is that human activities are causing climate change. Alternative terms for the same thing are global mean surface temperature (GMST) or global average surface temperature.
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Drylands are defined by a scarcity of water. Drylands are zones where precipitation is balanced by evaporation from surfaces and by transpiration by plants (evapotranspiration).[1] The United Nations Environment Program defines drylands as tropical and temperate areas with an aridity index of less than 0.65.[2] One can classify drylands into four sub-types:
search term: Horn of Africa Wikipedia Page
The Horn of Africa (HoA), also known as the Somali Peninsula,[2][3][4] is a large peninsula and geopolitical region in East Africa.[5] Located on the easternmost part of the African mainland, it is the fourth largest peninsula in the world. It is composed of Somalia (including the de facto independent Somaliland and Puntland), Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Eritrea.[6][7] Although not common, broader definitions include parts or all of Kenya and Sudan.[8][9][10] It has been described as a region of geopolitical and strategic importance, since it is situated along the southern boundary of the Red Sea; extending hundreds of kilometres into the Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel, and Indian Ocean, it also shares a maritime border with the Arabian Peninsula.[11][12][13][14]
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search term: Sulphate Aerosols Wikipedia Page
Particulates or atmospheric particulate matter (see below for other names) are microscopic particles of solid or liquid matter suspended in the air. The term aerosol refers to the particulate/air mixture, as opposed to the particulate matter alone,[1] though it is sometimes defined as a subset of aerosol terminology.[2] Sources of particulate matter can be natural or anthropogenic.[3] They have impacts on climate and precipitation that adversely affect human health, in ways additional to direct inhalation.
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Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences (which include atmospheric chemistry and physics) with a major focus on weather forecasting. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not begin until the 18th century. The 19th century saw modest progress in the field after weather observation networks were formed across broad regions. Prior attempts at prediction of weather depended on historical data. It was not until after the elucidation of the laws of physics, and more particularly in the latter half of the 20th century, the development of the computer (allowing for the automated solution of a great many modelling equations) that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved. An important branch of weather forecasting is marine weather forecasting as it relates to maritime and coastal safety, in which weather effects also include atmospheric interactions with large bodies of water.
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Snow comprises individual ice crystals that grow while suspended in the atmosphere—usually within clouds—and then fall, accumulating on the ground where they undergo further changes.[2] It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle, starting when, under suitable conditions, the ice crystals form in the atmosphere, increase to millimeter size, precipitate and accumulate on surfaces, then metamorphose in place, and ultimately melt, slide or sublimate away.
search term: overestimate warming Wikipedia Page
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search term: glacial maximum Wikipedia Page
An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. Earth's climate alternates between ice ages, and greenhouse periods during which there are no glaciers on the planet. Earth is currently in the ice age called Quaternary glaciation.[1] Individual pulses of cold climate within an ice age are termed glacial periods (glacials, glaciations, glacial stages, stadials, stades, or colloquially, ice ages), and intermittent warm periods within an ice age are called interglacials or interstadials.[2]
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search term: International Wikipedia Page
International is an adjective (also used as a noun) meaning "between nations".
search term: Paleoclimate Context Wikipedia Page
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search term: climate model Wikipedia Page
Numerical climate models (or climate system models) are mathematical models that can simulate the interactions of important drivers of climate. These drivers are the atmosphere, oceans, land surface and ice. Scientists use climate models to study the dynamics of the climate system and to make projections of future climate and of climate change. Climate models can also be qualitative (i.e. not numerical) models and contain narratives, largely descriptive, of possible futures.[1]
search term: Indian Ocean Wikipedia Page
The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering 70,560,000 km2 (27,240,000 sq mi) or approximately 20% of the water area of Earth's surface.[4] It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia to the east. To the south it is bounded by the Southern Ocean, or Antarctica, depending on the definition in use.[5] The Indian Ocean has large marginal, or regional seas, such as the Andaman Sea, the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Laccadive Sea.
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search term: Anthropogenic Wikipedia Page
Anthropogenic ("human" + "generating") is an adjective that may refer to:
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Bias is a disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is inaccurate, closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair. Biases can be innate or learned. People may develop biases for or against an individual, a group, or a belief.[1] In science and engineering, a bias is a systematic error. Statistical bias results from an unfair sampling of a population, or from an estimation process that does not give accurate results on average.[2]
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search term: Aliasing Wikipedia Page
In signal processing and related disciplines, aliasing is the overlapping of frequency components resulting from a sample rate below the Nyquist rate. This overlap results in distortion or artifacts when the signal is reconstructed from samples which causes the reconstructed signal to differ from the original continuous signal. Aliasing that occurs in signals sampled in time, for instance in digital audio or the stroboscopic effect, is referred to as temporal aliasing. Aliasing in spatially sampled signals (e.g., moiré patterns in digital images) is referred to as spatial aliasing.
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search term: Conference of the Parties Wikipedia Page
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The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the boundary interface between the atmosphere and ocean, covering about 70% of Earth's surface. With an operationally defined thickness between 1 and 1,000 μm (1.0 mm), the SML has physicochemical and biological properties that are measurably distinct from underlying waters. Recent studies now indicate that the SML covers the ocean to a significant extent, and evidence shows that it is an aggregate-enriched biofilm environment with distinct microbial communities. Because of its unique position at the air-sea interface, the SML is central to a range of global marine biogeochemical and climate-related processes.[1]
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search term: spatial scales Wikipedia Page
Spatial scale is a specific application of the term scale for describing or categorizing (e.g. into orders of magnitude) the size of a space (hence spatial), or the extent of it at which a phenomenon or process occurs.[1][2]
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search term: El Niño Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean dynamics Wikipedia Page
Ocean dynamics define and describe the flow of water within the oceans. Ocean temperature and motion fields can be separated into three distinct layers: mixed (surface) layer, upper ocean (above the thermocline), and deep ocean.
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search term: drought stress Wikipedia Page
In botany, drought tolerance is the ability by which a plant maintains its biomass production during arid or drought conditions.[1][2][3] Some plants are naturally adapted to dry conditions, surviving with protection mechanisms such as desiccation tolerance, detoxification, or repair of xylem embolism.[3] Other plants, specifically crops like corn, wheat, and rice, have become increasingly tolerant to drought with new varieties created via genetic engineering.[4] From an evolutionary perspective, the type of mycorrhizal associations formed in the roots of plants can determine how fast plants can adapt to drought.
search term: fertilization Wikipedia Page
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search term: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Wikipedia Page
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations. Its job is to advance scientific knowledge about climate change caused by human activities.[1] The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) set up the IPCC in 1988. The United Nations endorsed the creation of the IPCC later that year.[2] It has a secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, hosted by the WMO. It has 195 member states who govern the IPCC.[3] The member states elect a bureau of scientists to serve through an assessment cycle. A cycle is usually six to seven years. The bureau selects experts in their fields to prepare IPCC reports.[4] There is a formal nomination process by governments and observer organizations to find these experts. The IPCC has three working groups and a task force, which carry out its scientific work.[4]
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Arius (/əˈraɪəs, ˈɛəri-/; Koinē Greek: Ἄρειος, Áreios; 250 or 256 – 336) was a Cyrenaic presbyter and ascetic. He has been traditionally regarded as the founder of Arianism,[1][2] which holds that Jesus Christ was not coeternal with God the Father, but was rather created before time. Arian theology and its doctrine regarding the nature of the Godhead held in common a belief in subordinationism[3] with most Christian theologians of the 3rd century, with the notable exception of Athanasius of Alexandria.[4]
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search term: water use Wikipedia Page
A water footprint shows the extent of water use in relation to consumption by people.[1] The water footprint of an individual, community, or business is defined as the total volume of fresh water used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business. Water use is measured in water volume consumed (evaporated) and/or polluted per unit of time. A water footprint can be calculated for any well-defined group of consumers (e.g., an individual, family, village, city, province, state, or nation) or producers (e.g., a public organization, private enterprise, or economic sector), for a single process (such as growing rice) or for any product or service.[2]
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search term: Czech Republic Wikipedia Page
– in Europe (green & dark gray)
– in the European Union (green) – [Legend]
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search term: ESM Wikipedia Page
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A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. The process that forms volcanoes is called volcanism.
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search term: Snow Albedo Feedback Wikipedia Page
Ice–albedo feedback is a climate change feedback, where a change in the area of ice caps, glaciers, and sea ice alters the albedo and surface temperature of a planet. Because ice is very reflective, it reflects far more solar energy back to space than open water or any other land cover.[1] It occurs on Earth, and can also occur on exoplanets.[2]
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search term: Antarctic surface mass balance Wikipedia Page
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search term: Mass Balance Wikipedia Page
In physics, a mass balance, also called a material balance, is an application of conservation of mass[1] to the analysis of physical systems. By accounting for material entering and leaving a system, mass flows can be identified which might have been unknown, or difficult to measure without this technique. The exact conservation law used in the analysis of the system depends on the context of the problem, but all revolve around mass conservation, i.e., that matter cannot disappear or be created spontaneously.[2]: 59–62
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search term: Arctic sea Wikipedia Page
Main five oceans division:
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El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global climate phenomenon that emerges from variations in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific Ocean. Those variations have an irregular pattern but do have some semblance of cycles. The occurrence of ENSO is not predictable. It affects the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics, and has links (teleconnections) to higher-latitude regions of the world. The warming phase of the sea surface temperature is known as "El Niño" and the cooling phase as "La Niña". The Southern Oscillation is the accompanying atmospheric oscillation, which is coupled with the sea temperature change.
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A simulation is an imitative representation of a process or system that could exist in the real world.[1][2][3] In this broad sense, simulation can often be used interchangeably with model.[2] Sometimes a clear distinction between the two terms is made, in which simulations require the use of models; the model represents the key characteristics or behaviors of the selected system or process, whereas the simulation represents the evolution of the model over time.[3] Another way to distinguish between the terms is to define simulation as experimentation with the help of a model.[4] This definition includes time-independent simulations. Often, computers are used to execute the simulation.
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A cross is a compound geometrical figure consisting of two intersecting lines, usually perpendicular to each other. The lines usually run vertically and horizontally. A cross of oblique lines, in the shape of the Latin letter X, is termed a saltire in heraldic terminology.
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Zonal and meridional flow are directions and regions of fluid flow on a globe. Zonal flow follows a pattern along latitudinal lines, latitudinal circles or in the west–east direction.[1] Meridional flow follows a pattern from north to south, or from south to north, along the Earth's longitude lines, longitudinal circles (meridian) or in the north–south direction.[2] These terms are often used in the atmospheric and earth sciences to describe global phenomena, such as "meridional wind", or "zonal average temperature".
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The Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Site consists of approximately 8,940 km2 of Australian wet tropical forests growing along the north-east Queensland portion of the Great Dividing Range. The Wet Tropics of Queensland meets all four of the criteria for natural heritage for selection as a World Heritage Site.[1] World Heritage status was declared in 1988,[2] and on 21 May 2007 the Wet Tropics were added to the Australian National Heritage List.[3]
search term: United States of America Wikipedia Page
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal union of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguous states border Canada to the north and Mexico to the south, with the states of Alaska to the northwest and the archipelagic Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The United States also asserts sovereignty over five major island territories and various uninhabited islands.[j] The country has the world's third-largest land area,[d] largest exclusive economic zone, and third-largest population, exceeding 334 million.[k] Its three largest metropolitan areas are New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, and its three most populous states are California, Texas, and Florida.
search term: Antarctic Bottom Water cell Wikipedia Page
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search term: Global Carbon Project Wikipedia Page
The Global Carbon Project (GCP) is an organisation that seeks to quantify global greenhouse gas emissions and their causes.[2] Established in 2001, its projects include global budgets for three dominant greenhouse gases—carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O)—and complementary efforts in urban, regional, cumulative, and negative emissions.
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An energy budget is a balance sheet of energy income against expenditure. It is studied in the field of Energetics which deals with the study of energy transfer and transformation from one form to another. Calorie is the basic unit of measurement. An organism in a laboratory experiment is an open thermodynamic system, exchanging energy with its surroundings in three ways - heat, work and the potential energy of biochemical compounds.
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search term: winter Wikipedia Page
Winter is the coldest and darkest season of the year in polar and temperate climates. It occurs after autumn and before spring. The tilt of Earth's axis causes seasons; winter occurs when a hemisphere is oriented away from the Sun. Different cultures define different dates as the start of winter, and some use a definition based on weather.
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search term: Global Climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: Physical Oceanography Wikipedia Page
Physical oceanography is the study of physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters.
search term: regression Wikipedia Page
Regression or regressions may refer to:
search term: correlated Wikipedia Page
In statistics, correlation or dependence is any statistical relationship, whether causal or not, between two random variables or bivariate data. Although in the broadest sense, "correlation" may indicate any type of association, in statistics it usually refers to the degree to which a pair of variables are linearly related. Familiar examples of dependent phenomena include the correlation between the height of parents and their offspring, and the correlation between the price of a good and the quantity the consumers are willing to purchase, as it is depicted in the so-called demand curve.
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search term: Paleoceanography Wikipedia Page
Paleoceanography is the study of the history of the oceans in the geologic past with regard to circulation, chemistry, biology, geology and patterns of sedimentation and biological productivity. Paleoceanographic studies using environment models and different proxies enable the scientific community to assess the role of the oceanic processes in the global climate by the re-construction of past climate at various intervals. Paleoceanographic research is also intimately tied to paleoclimatology.
search term: PRIMAVERA Wikipedia Page
Primavera or La Primavera means the season spring in many Romance languages, and it may also refer to:
search term: global surface air temperature warming Wikipedia Page
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search term: Underestimated AMOC Wikipedia Page
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search term: Grey lines Wikipedia Page
Gray Line or Grey Line may refer to:
search term: temperate regions Wikipedia Page
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth.[1] These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout the year and more distinct seasonal changes compared to tropical climates, where such variations are often small; they usually differ only in the amount of precipitation.[2]
search term: interdecadal variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ocean and Sea Ice Model Wikipedia Page
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search term: storm track Wikipedia Page
Storm tracks are the relatively narrow zones in seas and oceans where storms travel driven by the prevailing winds.
search term: annular mode Wikipedia Page
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search term: stratification Wikipedia Page
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search term: Benguela Upwelling System Wikipedia Page
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search term: Atlantic meridional overturning circulation variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: seasonality Wikipedia Page
In time series data, seasonality refers to the trends that occur at specific regular intervals less than a year, such as weekly, monthly, or quarterly. Seasonality may be caused by various factors, such as weather, vacation, and holidays[1] and consists of periodic, repetitive, and generally regular and predictable patterns in the levels[2] of a time series.
search term: strength variations Wikipedia Page
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search term: EECO Wikipedia Page
The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM), alternatively ”Eocene thermal maximum 1 (ETM1)“ and formerly known as the "Initial Eocene" or “Late Paleocene thermal maximum", was a geologically brief time interval characterized by a 5–8 °C global average temperature rise and massive input of carbon into the ocean and atmosphere.[1][2] The event began, now formally codified, at the precise time boundary between the Paleocene and Eocene geological epochs.[3] The exact age and duration of the PETM remain uncertain, but it occurred around 55.8 million years ago (Ma) and lasted about 200 thousand years (Ka).[4][5]
search term: climatic response Wikipedia Page
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search term: Quaternary Science Wikipedia Page
Quaternary science is the subfield of geology which studies the Quaternary Period commonly known as the ice age. The Quaternary Period is a time period that started around 2.58 million years ago and continues today.[1][2] This period is divided into two epochs – the Pleistocene Epoch and the Holocene Epoch. The aim of Quaternary science is to understand everything that happened during the Pleistocene Epoch and the Holocene Epoch to be able to acquire fundamental knowledge about Earth's environment, ecosystem, climate changes, etc. Quaternary science was first studied during the nineteenth century by Georges Cuvier, a French scientist. Most Quaternary scientists have studied the history of the Quaternary to predict future changes in climate.[citation needed]
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search term: feedback Wikipedia Page
Collective intelligence
Collective action
Self-organized criticality
Herd mentality
Phase transition
Agent-based modelling
Synchronization
Ant colony optimization
Particle swarm optimization
Swarm behaviour
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search term: Col Wikipedia Page
A col in geomorphology is the lowest point on a mountain ridge between two peaks.[1] It may also be called a gap or pass.[1] Particularly rugged and forbidding cols in the terrain are usually referred to as notches. They are generally unsuitable as mountain passes, but are occasionally crossed by mule tracks or climbers' routes. Derived from the French col ("collar, neck") from Latin collum, "neck",[2] the term tends to be associated more with mountain than hill ranges.[3] The distinction with other names for breaks in mountain ridges such as saddle, wind gap or notch is not sharply defined and may vary from place to place. Many double summits are separated by prominent cols.
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Gas exchange is the physical process by which gases move passively by diffusion across a surface. For example, this surface might be the air/water interface of a water body, the surface of a gas bubble in a liquid, a gas-permeable membrane, or a biological membrane that forms the boundary between an organism and its extracellular environment.
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search term: CMIP6 historical simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: World Meteorological Organization Wikipedia Page
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation on atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology and geophysics.[2]
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CM or its variants may refer to:
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search term: System Wikipedia Page
A system is a group of interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole.[1] A system, surrounded and influenced by its environment, is described by its boundaries, structure and purpose and is expressed in its functioning. Systems are the subjects of study of systems theory and other systems sciences.
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search term: jet streams Wikipedia Page
Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow, meandering air currents in the atmospheres of the Earth,[1] Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.[2] On Earth, the main jet streams are located near the altitude of the tropopause and are westerly winds (flowing west to east). Jet streams may start, stop, split into two or more parts, combine into one stream, or flow in various directions including opposite to the direction of the remainder of the jet.[3]
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search term: AR5 range Wikipedia Page
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search term: United States Wikipedia Page
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal union of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguous states border Canada to the north and Mexico to the south, with the states of Alaska to the northwest and the archipelagic Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The United States also asserts sovereignty over five major island territories and various uninhabited islands.[j] The country has the world's third-largest land area,[d] largest exclusive economic zone, and third-largest population, exceeding 334 million.[k] Its three largest metropolitan areas are New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, and its three most populous states are California, Texas, and Florida.
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search term: 10 m Wikipedia Page
The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths.
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search term: WIREs Climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: Magnitudes Wikipedia Page
Magnitude may refer to:
search term: poor Wikipedia Page
Poverty is a state or condition in which an individual lacks the financial resources and essentials for a certain standard of living. Poverty can have diverse environmental, legal, social, economic, and political causes and effects.[1] When evaluating poverty in statistics or economics there are two main measures: absolute poverty which compares income against the amount needed to meet basic personal needs, such as food, clothing, and shelter;[2] secondly, relative poverty measures when a person cannot meet a minimum level of living standards, compared to others in the same time and place. The definition of relative poverty varies from one country to another, or from one society to another.[2]
search term: Circumpolar Current Wikipedia Page
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search term: weather forecasting Wikipedia Page
Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the conditions of the atmosphere for a given location and time. People have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia and formally since the 19th century.
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search term: confidence level Wikipedia Page
Informally, in frequentist statistics, a confidence interval (CI) is an interval which is expected to typically contain the parameter being estimated. More specifically, given a confidence level (95% and 99% are typical values), a CI is a random interval which contains the parameter being estimated % of the time.[1][2] The confidence level, degree of confidence or confidence coefficient represents the long-run proportion of CIs (at the given confidence level) that theoretically contain the true value of the parameter; this is tantamount to the nominal coverage probability. For example, out of all intervals computed at the 95% level, 95% of them should contain the parameter's true value.[3]
search term: zettajoules Wikipedia Page
This list compares various energies in joules (J), organized by order of magnitude.
search term: sustainable land management Wikipedia Page
Sustainable land management (SLM[1]) refers to practices and technologies that aim to integrate the management of land, water, and other environmental resources to meet human needs while ensuring long-term sustainability, ecosystem services, biodiversity, and livelihoods. The term is used, for example, in regional planning and soil or environmental protection, as well as in property and estate management.
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search term: surface temperature Wikipedia Page
Surface temperature is the temperature at a surface.
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search term: silicic acid Wikipedia Page
In chemistry, a silicic acid (/sɪˈlɪsɪk/) is any chemical compound containing the element silicon attached to oxide (=O) and hydroxyl (−OH) groups, with the general formula [H2xSiOx+2]n or, equivalently, [SiOx(OH)4−2x]n.[1][2] Orthosilicic acid is a representative example. Silicic acids are rarely observed in isolation, but are thought to exist in aqueous solutions, including seawater, and play a role in biomineralization.[3] They are typically colorless weak acids that are sparingly soluble in water. Like the silicate anions, which are their better known conjugate bases, silicic acids are proposed to be oligomeric or polymeric. No simple silicic acid has ever been identified, since these species are primarily of theoretical interest.
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search term: Atlantic Multidecadal Variability Wikipedia Page
The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), also known as Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV),[1] is the theorized variability of the sea surface temperature (SST) of the North Atlantic Ocean on the timescale of several decades.[2]
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search term: Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation Wikipedia Page
The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), also known as Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV),[1] is the theorized variability of the sea surface temperature (SST) of the North Atlantic Ocean on the timescale of several decades.[2]
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A university press is an academic publishing house that is typically affiliated with a large research university.
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search term: Global Climate Model Wikipedia Page
A general circulation model (GCM) is a type of climate model. It employs a mathematical model of the general circulation of a planetary atmosphere or ocean. It uses the Navier–Stokes equations on a rotating sphere with thermodynamic terms for various energy sources (radiation, latent heat). These equations are the basis for computer programs used to simulate the Earth's atmosphere or oceans. Atmospheric and oceanic GCMs (AGCM and OGCM) are key components along with sea ice and land-surface components.
search term: Antarctic Wikipedia Page
The Antarctic (/ænˈtɑːrtɪk/ or /ænˈtɑːrktɪk/, American English also /æntˈɑːrtɪk/ or /æntˈɑːrktɪk/; commonly /æˈnɑːrtɪk/)[Note 1] is a polar region around Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole.
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search term: Pacific decadal oscillation Wikipedia Page
The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin. The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20°N. Over the past century, the amplitude of this climate pattern has varied irregularly at interannual-to-interdecadal time scales (meaning time periods of a few years to as much as time periods of multiple decades). There is evidence of reversals in the prevailing polarity (meaning changes in cool surface waters versus warm surface waters within the region) of the oscillation occurring around 1925, 1947, and 1977; the last two reversals corresponded with dramatic shifts in salmon production regimes in the North Pacific Ocean. This climate pattern also affects coastal sea and continental surface air temperatures from Alaska to California.
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search term: Maritime continent Wikipedia Page
Maritime Continent is the name given primarily by meteorologists and oceanographers to the region of Southeast Asia which comprises, amongst other countries, Indonesia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea. In some usage the maritime continent includes the Malay Peninsula.[1] Located between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, it is situated within a warm ocean region known as the Tropical Warm Pool.
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search term: salinity Wikipedia Page
Salinity (/səˈlɪnɪti/) is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water, called saline water (see also soil salinity). It is usually measured in g/L or g/kg (grams of salt per liter/kilogram of water; the latter is dimensionless and equal to ‰).
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search term: leaf area index Wikipedia Page
Leaf area index (LAI) is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes plant canopies. It is defined as the one-sided green leaf area per unit ground surface area (LAI = leaf area / ground area, m2 / m2) in broadleaf canopies.[1] In conifers, three definitions for LAI have been used:
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search term: equator Wikipedia Page
The equator is a circle of latitude that divides a spheroid, such as Earth, into the Northern and Southern hemispheres. On Earth, the Equator is an imaginary line located at 0 degrees latitude, about 40,075 km (24,901 mi) in circumference, halfway between the North and South poles.[1] The term can also be used for any other celestial body that is roughly spherical.
search term: negative feedback Wikipedia Page
Negative feedback (or balancing feedback) occurs when some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances. A classic example of negative feedback is a heating system thermostat — when the temperature gets high enough, the heater is turned OFF. When the temperature gets too cold, the heat is turned back ON. In each case the "feedback" generated by the thermostat "negates" the trend.
search term: global circulation models Wikipedia Page
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search term: halosteric contraction Wikipedia Page
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search term: ACC Wikipedia Page
ACC most often refers to:
search term: Decadal Wikipedia Page
A decade is a period of ten years.
search term: epistemological uncertainties Wikipedia Page
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search term: unforced internal Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP6 model Wikipedia Page
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search term: ITCZ Wikipedia Page
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ /ɪtʃ/ ITCH, or ICZ),[1] known by sailors as the doldrums[2] or the calms because of its monotonous windless weather, is the area where the northeast and the southeast trade winds converge. It encircles Earth near the thermal equator though its specific position varies seasonally. When it lies near the geographic Equator, it is called the near-equatorial trough. Where the ITCZ is drawn into and merges with a monsoonal circulation, it is sometimes referred to as a monsoon trough (a usage that is more common in Australia and parts of Asia).
search term: tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature Wikipedia Page
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search term: summer Wikipedia Page
Summer is the hottest and brightest of the four temperate seasons, occurring after spring and before autumn. At or centred on the summer solstice, daylight hours are the longest and darkness hours are the shortest, with day length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice. The earliest sunrises and latest sunsets also occur near the date of the solstice. The date of the beginning of summer varies according to climate, tradition, and culture. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa.
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search term: Earth System Model Wikipedia Page
Earth system science (ESS) is the application of systems science to the Earth.[1][2][3][4] In particular, it considers interactions and 'feedbacks', through material and energy fluxes, between the Earth's sub-systems' cycles, processes and "spheres"—atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere,[5] geosphere, pedosphere, lithosphere, biosphere,[6] and even the magnetosphere[7]—as well as the impact of human societies on these components.[8] At its broadest scale, Earth system science brings together researchers across both the natural and social sciences, from fields including ecology, economics, geography, geology, glaciology, meteorology, oceanography, climatology, paleontology, sociology, and space science.[9] Like the broader subject of systems science, Earth system science assumes a holistic view of the dynamic interaction between the Earth's spheres and their many constituent subsystems fluxes and processes, the resulting spatial organization and time evolution of these systems, and their variability, stability and instability.[10][11][12] Subsets of Earth System science include systems geology[13][14] and systems ecology,[15] and many aspects of Earth System science are fundamental to the subjects of physical geography[16][17] and climate science.[18]
search term: Total volcanic stratospheric aerosol optical Wikipedia Page
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search term: discriminant analysis Wikipedia Page
Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), normal discriminant analysis (NDA), or discriminant function analysis is a generalization of Fisher's linear discriminant, a method used in statistics and other fields, to find a linear combination of features that characterizes or separates two or more classes of objects or events. The resulting combination may be used as a linear classifier, or, more commonly, for dimensionality reduction before later classification.
search term: global monsoon Wikipedia Page
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search term: North Atlantic Deep Water Wikipedia Page
North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) is a deep water mass formed in the North Atlantic Ocean. Thermohaline circulation (properly described as meridional overturning circulation) of the world's oceans involves the flow of warm surface waters from the southern hemisphere into the North Atlantic. Water flowing northward becomes modified through evaporation and mixing with other water masses, leading to increased salinity. When this water reaches the North Atlantic, it cools and sinks through convection, due to its decreased temperature and increased salinity resulting in increased density. NADW is the outflow of this thick deep layer, which can be detected by its high salinity, high oxygen content, nutrient minima, high 14C/12C,[1] and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).[2]
search term: model evaluation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Single Ensemble Member Wikipedia Page
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search term: extended northern winter season Wikipedia Page
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search term: net forced Wikipedia Page
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search term: ozone changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: global surface temperature changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: Northern Hemisphere springtime Wikipedia Page
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search term: PMIP4 periods Wikipedia Page
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search term: GMST variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: LGM AMOC Wikipedia Page
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search term: observational temperature dataset Wikipedia Page
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search term: Artificial intelligence Wikipedia Page
Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems. It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals.[1] Such machines may be called AIs.
search term: Kageyama Wikipedia Page
Kageyama (written: 影山, 蔭山 or 景山) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
search term: GM Wikipedia Page
GM or Gm may refer to:
search term: Pliocene epoch Wikipedia Page
The Pliocene ( /ˈplaɪ.əsiːn, ˈplaɪ.oʊ-/ PLY-ə-seen, PLY-oh-;[6][7] also Pleiocene)[8] is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.33 to 2.58[9] million years ago (Ma). It is the second and most recent epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch. Prior to the 2009 revision of the geologic time scale, which placed the four most recent major glaciations entirely within the Pleistocene, the Pliocene also included the Gelasian Stage, which lasted from 2.59 to 1.81 Ma, and is now included in the Pleistocene.[10]
search term: Climate Change Signals Wikipedia Page
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search term: Antarctic Ice Sheet mass Wikipedia Page
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search term: iceberg Wikipedia Page
An iceberg is a piece of freshwater ice more than 15 meters (16 yards) long[1] that has broken off a glacier or an ice shelf and is floating freely in open water.[2][3] Smaller chunks of floating glacially derived ice are called "growlers" or "bergy bits".[4][5] Much of an iceberg is below the water's surface, which led to the expression "tip of the iceberg" to illustrate a small part of a larger unseen issue. Icebergs are considered a serious maritime hazard.
search term: wind data Wikipedia Page
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search term: Walker cell Wikipedia Page
The Walker circulation, also known as the Walker cell, is a conceptual model of the air flow in the tropics in the lower atmosphere (troposphere). According to this model, parcels of air follow a closed circulation in the zonal and vertical directions. This circulation, which is roughly consistent with observations, is caused by differences in heat distribution between ocean and land. In addition to motions in the zonal and vertical direction the tropical atmosphere also has considerable motion in the meridional direction as part of, for example, the Hadley Circulation.
search term: Climate Change Research Wikipedia Page
The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect was first identified. In the late 19th century, scientists first argued that human emissions of greenhouse gases could change Earth's energy balance and climate. The existence of the greenhouse effect, while not named as such, was proposed as early as 1824 by Joseph Fourier.[2] The argument and the evidence were further strengthened by Claude Pouillet in 1827 and 1838. In 1856 Eunice Newton Foote demonstrated that the warming effect of the sun is greater for air with water vapour than for dry air, and the effect is even greater with carbon dioxide.[3][4]
search term: attribution analysis Wikipedia Page
Performance attribution, or investment performance attribution is a set of techniques that performance analysts use to explain why a portfolio's performance differed from the benchmark. This difference between the portfolio return and the benchmark return is known as the active return. The active return is the component of a portfolio's performance that arises from the fact that the portfolio is actively managed.
search term: underestimated cooling Wikipedia Page
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search term: mean temperature Wikipedia Page
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search term: Remote Sensing Wikipedia Page
This is an accepted version of this page
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search term: Atlantic meridional Wikipedia Page
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search term: Tropical Atlantic Observing System Wikipedia Page
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search term: statistical degrees of freedom Wikipedia Page
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search term: human interventions Wikipedia Page
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search term: CanESM5 Wikipedia Page
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search term: Bayesian Theorem Wikipedia Page
Bayes' theorem (alternatively Bayes' law or Bayes' rule, after Thomas Bayes) gives a mathematical rule for inverting conditional probabilities, allowing us to find the probability of a cause given its effect.[1] For example, if the risk of developing health problems is known to increase with age, Bayes' theorem allows the risk to an individual of a known age to be assessed more accurately by conditioning it relative to their age, rather than assuming that the individual is typical of the population as a whole. Based on Bayes law both the prevalence of a disease in a given population and the error rate of an infectious disease test have to be taken into account to evaluate the meaning of a positive test result correctly and avoid the base-rate fallacy.
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search term: atmospheric overturning Wikipedia Page
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search term: Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice Extent Wikipedia Page
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search term: Indian Ocean variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP5 model selection Wikipedia Page
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search term: decadal Wikipedia Page
A decade is a period of ten years.
search term: simulated AMV Wikipedia Page
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search term: Surface Observations Wikipedia Page
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search term: model output time series Wikipedia Page
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search term: ACCMIP ensemble Wikipedia Page
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search term: Water vapour biases Wikipedia Page
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search term: Model Performance Wikipedia Page
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search term: climate evolution due Wikipedia Page
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search term: significant observed variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: local physics Wikipedia Page
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search term: CAM5 Wikipedia Page
Houston Aerodrome (TC LID: CAM5) is an airport located 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) northwest of Houston, British Columbia, Canada.
search term: plant uptake Wikipedia Page
The water cycle (or hydrologic cycle or hydrological cycle), is a biogeochemical cycle that involves the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time. However, the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, salt water and atmospheric water is variable and depends on climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere. The processes that drive these movements are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, sublimation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different forms: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor. The ocean plays a key role in the water cycle as it is the source of 86% of global evaporation.[2]
search term: Sea ice reconstructions Wikipedia Page
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search term: Pacific Oceans Wikipedia Page
Main five oceans division:
search term: Global ocean Wikipedia Page
The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of Earth.[8] In English, the term ocean also refers to any of the large bodies of water into which the world ocean is conventionally divided.[9] The following names describe five different areas of the ocean: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic/Southern, and Arctic.[10][11] The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water[8] and is the primary component of Earth's hydrosphere and is thereby essential to life on Earth. The ocean influences climate and weather patterns, the carbon cycle, and the water cycle by acting as a huge heat reservoir.
search term: Northern Hemispheric extratropical Wikipedia Page
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search term: GSAT Wikipedia Page
The GSAT (Geosynchronous Satellite)[1] satellites are India's indigenously developed communications satellites, used for digital audio, data and video broadcasting. As of 5 December 2018, 20 GSAT satellites manufactured by ISRO have been launched, out of which 14 are in service.
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search term: predictability Wikipedia Page
Predictability is the degree to which a correct prediction or forecast of a system's state can be made, either qualitatively or quantitatively.
search term: AMOC mean state Wikipedia Page
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search term: External natural variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Unforced Wikipedia Page
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search term: southern Europe Wikipedia Page
Southern Europe is the southern region of Europe.[1] It is also known as Mediterranean Europe, as its geography is marked by the Mediterranean Sea. Definitions of southern Europe include some or all of these countries and regions: Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,[note 1] Croatia, Cyprus,[note 2] Gibraltar,[note 3] Greece,[note 4] Italy,[note 5] Malta,[note 6] Monaco,[note 7] Montenegro, North Macedonia, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, southern France,[note 8] Spain, Turkey (East Thrace),[note 9] and Vatican City.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
search term: Model anomalies Wikipedia Page
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search term: upper stratosphere Wikipedia Page
The stratosphere (/ˈstrætəˌsfɪər, -toʊ-/) is the second-lowest layer of the atmosphere of Earth, located above the troposphere and below the mesosphere.[2][3] The stratosphere is composed of stratified temperature zones, with the warmer layers of air located higher (closer to outer space) and the cooler layers lower (closer to the planetary surface of the Earth). The increase of temperature with altitude is a result of the absorption of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation by the ozone layer, where ozone is exothermically photolyzed into oxygen in a cyclical fashion.[4] This temperature inversion is in contrast to the troposphere, where temperature decreases with altitude, and between the troposphere and stratosphere is the tropopause border that demarcates the beginning of the temperature inversion.
search term: GSAT changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: Southern Ocean carbon sink Wikipedia Page
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search term: multiple forcings Wikipedia Page
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search term: external climate forcings Wikipedia Page
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search term: monthly objective analyses Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ocean storm track Wikipedia Page
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search term: orographic Wikipedia Page
Orography is the study of the topographic relief of mountains,[1] and can more broadly include hills, and any part of a region's elevated terrain.[2] Orography (also known as oreography, orology, or oreology) falls within the broader discipline of geomorphology.[3] The term orography comes from the Greek: όρος, hill, γραφία, to write.
search term: warming pattern Wikipedia Page
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search term: individual events Wikipedia Page
Individual events in speech include public speaking, limited preparation, acting and interpretation are a part of forensics competitions. These events do not include the several different forms of debate offered by many tournaments. These events are called individual events because they tend to be done by one person unlike debate which often includes teams. This distinction however is not entirely accurate any more given the addition of duo interpretation events and forms of single person debate. Competitive speech competitions and debates comprise the area of forensics. Forensics leagues have a number of speech events, generally determined by geographical region or league preference. While there are several key events that have been around a long time, there are several experimental events around the country every year that can be limited to individual tournaments. Forensics leagues in the United States includes the National Speech and Debate Association, the National Christian Forensics and Communications Association, the American Forensics Association, the National Forensics Association, the Interstate Oratorical Association and Stoa USA. Organized competitions are held at the high-school and collegiate level. Outside of the rules for each event provided by the individual leagues, there are several cultural norms within each region that are not written into law but are almost always followed.[1] Rules for time limits vary by event and by individual tournaments, but there are penalties in every event for exceeding the time limits though the severity of the penalty widely varies.[2]
search term: horizontal grey line Wikipedia Page
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search term: data biases Wikipedia Page
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search term: simulated precipitation changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: land components Wikipedia Page
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search term: historical climate simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: Eurasia Wikipedia Page
Eurasia (/jʊəˈreɪʒə/ yoor-AY-zhə, also UK: /-ʃə/ -shə) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia.[3][4] According to some geographers, physiographically, Eurasia is a single supercontinent.[4] The concepts of Europe and Asia as distinct continents date back to antiquity, but their borders have historically been subject to change. For example, to the ancient Greeks, Asia originally included Africa but they classified Europe[5] as separate land. Eurasia is connected to Africa at the Suez Canal, and the two are sometimes combined to describe the largest contiguous landmass on Earth, Afro-Eurasia.[6]
search term: forced ocean model simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: thermocline depth Wikipedia Page
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search term: Antarctic Oscillation index Wikipedia Page
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search term: historical ensemble member Wikipedia Page
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search term: Sahel drought Wikipedia Page
The Sahel region of Africa has long experienced a series of historic droughts, dating back to at least the 17th century. The Sahel region is a climate zone sandwiched between the Sudanian Savanna to the south and the Sahara desert to the north, across West and Central Africa. While the frequency of drought in the region is thought to have increased from the end of the 19th century, three long droughts have had dramatic environmental and societal effects upon the Sahel nations. Famine followed severe droughts in the 1910s, the 1940s, and the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, although a partial recovery occurred from 1975-80. The most recent drought occurred in 2012.
search term: United Kingdom Wikipedia Page
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,[m] is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.[21][22] It comprises England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.[n][23] The UK includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and most of the smaller islands within the British Isles, making up a total area of 94,354 square miles (244,376 km2).[f][12][24] Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland; otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, and the Irish Sea. The United Kingdom had an estimated population of over 68.2 million people in 2023.[13] The capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom is London, whose wider metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.9 million.[25] The cities of Edinburgh, Cardiff, and Belfast are the national capitals of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, respectively.
search term: consensus Wikipedia Page
Consensus usually refers to general agreement among a group of people or community. It may also refer to:
search term: mean state ocean temperature Wikipedia Page
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search term: teleconnection representation Wikipedia Page
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search term: total Earth heating Wikipedia Page
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search term: Coupled Climate Models Wikipedia Page
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search term: aerosol forcings Wikipedia Page
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search term: comprehensive satellite observations Wikipedia Page
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search term: mean ocean temperature biases Wikipedia Page
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search term: interquartile Wikipedia Page
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search term: large ensemble simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: sea level trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: regional model Wikipedia Page
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search term: North Atlantic Oscillation Wikipedia Page
The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is a weather phenomenon over the North Atlantic Ocean of fluctuations in the difference of atmospheric pressure at sea level (SLP) between the Icelandic Low and the Azores High. Through fluctuations in the strength of the Icelandic Low and the Azores High, it controls the strength and direction of westerly winds and location of storm tracks across the North Atlantic.[1]
search term: surface expression Wikipedia Page
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search term: GSAT trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: Atlantic ocean transports Wikipedia Page
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search term: satellites Wikipedia Page
This is an accepted version of this page
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search term: stratospheric aerosol optical depth Wikipedia Page
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search term: interrestrial ecosystems Wikipedia Page
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search term: Strengthened Wikipedia Page
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search term: mean teleconnection Wikipedia Page
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search term: Southern Hemisphere winter Wikipedia Page
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search term: World Climate Research Wikipedia Page
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search term: multiple factors Wikipedia Page
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search term: climate system model Wikipedia Page
The Community Climate System Model (CCSM) is a coupled general circulation model (GCM) developed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) with funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Department of Energy (DoE), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).[1] The coupled components include an atmospheric model (Community Atmosphere Model), a land-surface model (Community Land Model), an ocean model (Parallel Ocean Program), and a sea ice model (Community Sea Ice Model, CICE).[2] CCSM is maintained by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR).
search term: ventilation Wikipedia Page
Ventilation may refer to:
search term: individual historical simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: National Wikipedia Page
National may refer to:
search term: depleted stratospheric ozone Wikipedia Page
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search term: muted hydrological change Wikipedia Page
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search term: Rapid systematic assessment Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ocean temperature Wikipedia Page
The ocean temperature plays a crucial role in the global climate system, ocean currents and for marine habitats. It varies depending on depth, geographical location and season. Not only does the temperature differ in seawater, so does the salinity. Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters.[1] In polar regions, the upper layers of ocean water are cold and fresh.[2] Deep ocean water is cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans. This water has a uniform temperature of around 0-3 °C.[3] The ocean temperature also depends on the amount of solar radiation falling on its surface. In the tropics, with the Sun nearly overhead, the temperature of the surface layers can rise to over 30 °C (86 °F). Near the poles the temperature in equilibrium with the sea ice is about −2 °C (28 °F).
search term: positive IOD events Wikipedia Page
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search term: glacial ice sheets Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP5 Simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: IPCC Fourth Assessment Wikipedia Page
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search term: paleoclimates Wikipedia Page
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search term: tropical tropospheric temperature trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: North America Wikipedia Page
North America is a continent[b] in the Northern and Western Hemispheres.[c] North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. The region includes the Bahamas, Bermuda, Canada, the Caribbean, Central America, Clipperton Island, Greenland, Mexico, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Turks and Caicos Islands, and the United States.
search term: Temperature biases Wikipedia Page
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search term: warming bias Wikipedia Page
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search term: vegetation Wikipedia Page
Vegetation is an assemblage of plant species and the ground cover they provide.[2] It is a general term, without specific reference to particular taxa, life forms, structure, spatial extent, or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics. It is broader than the term flora which refers to species composition. Perhaps the closest synonym is plant community, but vegetation can, and often does, refer to a wider range of spatial scales than that term does, including scales as large as the global. Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are encompassed by the term vegetation.
search term: simulation Wikipedia Page
A simulation is an imitative representation of a process or system that could exist in the real world.[1][2][3] In this broad sense, simulation can often be used interchangeably with model.[2] Sometimes a clear distinction between the two terms is made, in which simulations require the use of models; the model represents the key characteristics or behaviors of the selected system or process, whereas the simulation represents the evolution of the model over time.[3] Another way to distinguish between the terms is to define simulation as experimentation with the help of a model.[4] This definition includes time-independent simulations. Often, computers are used to execute the simulation.
search term: ENSO phase Wikipedia Page
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search term: Last Millennium Climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: Anthropogenic impact Wikipedia Page
1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville · Marx · Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto · Tönnies · Veblen · Simmel · Durkheim · Addams · Mead · Weber · Du Bois · Mannheim · Elias
search term: climate change projections Wikipedia Page
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search term: World ocean heat content Wikipedia Page
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search term: simulated SSS Wikipedia Page
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search term: subtropical mode Wikipedia Page
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search term: Climate Variability Wikipedia Page
Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more. Climate change may refer to any time in Earth's history, but the term is now commonly used to describe contemporary climate change, often popularly referred to as global warming. Since the Industrial Revolution, the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities.[1]
search term: fresh water fluxes Wikipedia Page
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search term: thermodynamic considerations Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean reanalysis Wikipedia Page
Ocean reanalysis is a method of combining historical ocean observations with a general ocean model (typically a computational model) driven by historical estimates of surface winds, heat, and freshwater, by way of a data assimilation algorithm to reconstruct historical changes in the state of the ocean.
search term: anomalous ocean Rossby waves Wikipedia Page
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search term: ensemble members Wikipedia Page
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search term: Community Resource Wikipedia Page
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search term: linear regression slope Wikipedia Page
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search term: Stratospheric ozone Wikipedia Page
The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. It contains a high concentration of ozone (O3) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere. The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth's atmosphere as a whole is about 0.3 parts per million. The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 15 to 35 kilometers (9 to 22 mi) above Earth, although its thickness varies seasonally and geographically.[1]
search term: ENSO atmospheric teleconnections Wikipedia Page
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search term: annual precipitation trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: Time series Wikipedia Page
In mathematics, a time series is a series of data points indexed (or listed or graphed) in time order. Most commonly, a time series is a sequence taken at successive equally spaced points in time. Thus it is a sequence of discrete-time data. Examples of time series are heights of ocean tides, counts of sunspots, and the daily closing value of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
search term: gridded surface temperature records Wikipedia Page
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search term: paleoclimate context Wikipedia Page
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search term: Gulf Stream SST front Wikipedia Page
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search term: indicators Wikipedia Page
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search term: Fourth Assessment Wikipedia Page
Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), was published in 2007 and is the fourth in a series of reports intended to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potential effects, and options for adaptation and mitigation.[2] The report is the largest and most detailed summary of the climate change situation ever undertaken, produced by thousands of authors, editors, and reviewers from dozens of countries, citing over 6,000 peer-reviewed scientific studies. People from over 130 countries contributed to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, which took six years to produce.[2] Contributors to AR4 included more than 2,500 scientific expert reviewers, more than 800 contributing authors, and more than 450 lead authors.[2]
search term: eastern Wikipedia Page
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search term: model simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: southern Indian Ocean regions Wikipedia Page
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search term: solid Wikipedia Page
Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter along with liquid, gas, and plasma. The molecules in a solid are closely packed together and contain the least amount of kinetic energy. A solid is characterized by structural rigidity (as in rigid bodies) and resistance to a force applied to the surface. Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire available volume like a gas. The atoms in a solid are bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice (crystalline solids, which include metals and ordinary ice), or irregularly (an amorphous solid such as common window glass). Solids cannot be compressed with little pressure whereas gases can be compressed with little pressure because the molecules in a gas are loosely packed.
search term: future evolution Wikipedia Page
Futures studies, futures research, futurism research, futurism, or futurology is the systematic, interdisciplinary and holistic study of social/technological advancement, and other environmental trends; often for the purpose of exploring how people will live and work in the future. Predictive techniques, such as forecasting, can be applied, but contemporary futures studies scholars emphasize the importance of systematically exploring alternatives.[1][2][3] In general, it can be considered as a branch of the social sciences and an extension to the field of history. Futures studies (colloquially called "'futures" by many of the field's practitioners) seeks to understand what is likely to continue and what could plausibly change. Part of the discipline thus seeks a systematic and pattern-based understanding of past and present, and to explore the possibility of future events and trends.[4]
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search term: critical physical inconsistencies Wikipedia Page
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search term: IPCC AR5 Wikipedia Page
The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the fifth in a series of such reports and was completed in 2014.[1] As had been the case in the past, the outline of the AR5 was developed through a scoping process which involved climate change experts from all relevant disciplines and users of IPCC reports, in particular representatives from governments. Governments and organizations involved in the Fourth Report were asked to submit comments and observations in writing with the submissions analysed by the panel.[2][3] Projections in AR5 are based on "Representative Concentration Pathways" (RCPs).[4] The RCPs are consistent with a wide range of possible changes in future anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Projected changes in global mean surface temperature and sea level are given in the main RCP article.
search term: SST trend Wikipedia Page
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search term: accumulated heat Wikipedia Page
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search term: water storage Wikipedia Page
Water storage is a broad term referring to storage of both potable water for consumption, and non potable water for use in agriculture. In both developing countries and some developed countries found in tropical climates, there is a need to store potable drinking water during the dry season. In agriculture water storage, water is stored for later use in natural water sources, such as groundwater aquifers, soil water, natural wetlands, and small artificial ponds, tanks and reservoirs behind major dams. Storing water invites a host of potential issues regardless of that water's intended purpose, including contamination through organic and inorganic means.[1]
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search term: 20°C Wikipedia Page
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search term: Climate model genealogy Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean heat content Wikipedia Page
Ocean heat content (OHC) or ocean heat uptake (OHU) is the energy absorbed and stored by oceans. To calculate the ocean heat content, it is necessary to measure ocean temperature at many different locations and depths. Integrating the areal density of a change in enthalpic energy over an ocean basin or entire ocean gives the total ocean heat uptake.[2] Between 1971 and 2018, the rise in ocean heat content accounted for over 90% of Earth's excess energy from global heating.[3][4] The main driver of this increase was caused by humans via their rising greenhouse gas emissions.[5]: 1228 By 2020, about one third of the added energy had propagated to depths below 700 meters.[6][7]
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search term: aerosol indirect effects Wikipedia Page
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search term: Sea Level Change Wikipedia Page
Between 1901 and 2018, the average sea level rose by 15–25 cm (6–10 in), with an increase of 2.3 mm (0.091 in) per year since the 1970s.[3]: 1216 This was faster than the sea level had ever risen over at least the past 3,000 years.[3]: 1216 The rate accelerated to 4.62 mm (0.182 in)/yr for the decade 2013–2022.[4] Climate change due to human activities is the main cause.[5]: 5, 8 Between 1993 and 2018, melting ice sheets and glaciers accounted for 44% of sea level rise, with another 42% resulting from thermal expansion of water.[6]: 1576
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search term: Standard Resolution Wikipedia Page
In mathematics, the standard complex, also called standard resolution, bar resolution, bar complex, bar construction, is a way of constructing resolutions in homological algebra. It was first introduced for the special case of algebras over a commutative ring by Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders Mac Lane (1953) and Henri Cartan and Eilenberg (1956, IX.6) and has since been generalized in many ways.
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search term: Air Wikipedia Page
The atmosphere of Earth is composed of a layer of gas mixture that surrounds the Earth's planetary surface (both lands and oceans), known collectively as air, with variable quantities of suspended aerosols and particulates (which create weather features such as clouds and hazes), all retained by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere serves as a protective buffer between the Earth's surface and outer space, shields the surface from most meteoroids and ultraviolet solar radiation, keeps it warm and reduces diurnal temperature variation (temperature extremes between day and night) through heat retention (greenhouse effect), redistributes heat and moisture among different regions via air currents, and provides the chemical and climate conditions allowing life to exist and evolve on Earth.
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search term: Deep Ocean Wikipedia Page
The deep sea is broadly defined as the ocean depth where light begins to fade, at an approximate depth of 200 m (660 ft) or the point of transition from continental shelves to continental slopes.[1][2] Conditions within the deep sea are a combination of low temperatures, darkness, and high pressure.[3] The deep sea is considered the least explored Earth biome as the extreme conditions make the environment difficult to access and explore.[4]
search term: Heat Flux Wikipedia Page
In physics and engineering, heat flux or thermal flux, sometimes also referred to as heat flux density[1], heat-flow density or heat-flow rate intensity, is a flow of energy per unit area per unit time. Its SI units are watts per square metre (W/m2). It has both a direction and a magnitude, and so it is a vector quantity. To define the heat flux at a certain point in space, one takes the limiting case where the size of the surface becomes infinitesimally small.
search term: Pliocene climate Wikipedia Page
The Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period (mPWP) (prior to 2009 known as the Middle Pliocene Warm Period ), or the Pliocene Thermal Maximum, was an interval of warm climate during the Pliocene epoch that lasted from 3.3 to 3.0 million years ago (Ma).[1]
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search term: interannual AMOC variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: global surface temperature Wikipedia Page
Global surface temperature (GST) is the average temperature of Earth's surface. More precisely, it is the weighted average of the temperatures over the ocean and land. The former is also called sea surface temperature and the latter is called surface air temperature. Temperature data comes mainly from weather stations and satellites. To estimate data in the distant past, proxy data can be used for example from tree rings, corals, and ice cores.[1] Observing the rising GST over time is one of the many lines of evidence supporting the scientific consensus on climate change, which is that human activities are causing climate change. Alternative terms for the same thing are global mean surface temperature (GMST) or global average surface temperature.
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search term: pacemaker Wikipedia Page
An artificial cardiac pacemaker, commonly referred to as simply a pacemaker, is an implanted medical device that generates electrical pulses delivered by electrodes to one or more of the chambers of the heart. Each pulse causes the targeted chamber(s) to contract and pump blood,[3] thus regulating the function of the electrical conduction system of the heart.
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Mass is an intrinsic property of a body. It was traditionally believed to be related to the quantity of matter in a body, until the discovery of the atom and particle physics. It was found that different atoms and different elementary particles, theoretically with the same amount of matter, have nonetheless different masses. Mass in modern physics has multiple definitions which are conceptually distinct, but physically equivalent. Mass can be experimentally defined as a measure of the body's inertia, meaning the resistance to acceleration (change of velocity) when a net force is applied.[1] The object's mass also determines the strength of its gravitational attraction to other bodies.
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search term: water Wikipedia Page
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search term: Sea of Okhotsk Wikipedia Page
The Sea of Okhotsk[a] is a marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean.[1] It is located between Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula on the east, the Kuril Islands on the southeast, Japan's island of Hokkaido on the south, the island of Sakhalin along the west, and a stretch of eastern Siberian coast along the west and north. Its northeast corner is the Shelikhov Gulf. The sea is named for the port of Okhotsk, itself named for the Okhota River.[2]
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search term: Northern Hemisphere Atmospheric Circulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Stratospheric Variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: albedo Wikipedia Page
Albedo (/ælˈbiːdoʊ/ al-BEE-doh; from Latin albedo 'whiteness') is the fraction of sunlight that is diffusely reflected by a body. It is measured on a scale from 0 (corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation). Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of radiosity Je to the irradiance Ee (flux per unit area) received by a surface.[2] The proportion reflected is not only determined by properties of the surface itself, but also by the spectral and angular distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface.[3] These factors vary with atmospheric composition, geographic location, and time (see position of the Sun).
search term: anthropogenic forcing agents Wikipedia Page
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search term: Southern Ocean sea ice extent Wikipedia Page
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search term: intensity Wikipedia Page
Intensity may refer to:
search term: Seasonal evolution Wikipedia Page
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search term: boreal forest Wikipedia Page
Taiga or tayga (/ˈtaɪɡə/ TY-gə; Russian: тайга́), also known as boreal forest or snow forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces, and larches. The taiga or boreal forest is the world's largest land biome.[1] In North America, it covers most of inland Canada, Alaska, and parts of the northern contiguous United States.[2] In Eurasia, it covers most of Sweden, Finland, much of Russia from Karelia in the west to the Pacific Ocean (including much of Siberia), much of Norway and Estonia, some of the Scottish Highlands,[citation needed] some lowland/coastal areas of Iceland, and areas of northern Kazakhstan, northern Mongolia, and northern Japan (on the island of Hokkaidō).[3]
search term: IPCC Second Assessment Report Wikipedia Page
The Second Assessment Report (SAR) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), published in 1995, is an assessment of the then available scientific and socio-economic information on climate change. The report was split into four parts: a synthesis to help interpret UNFCCC article 2, The Science of Climate Change (Working Group I), Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change (WG II), Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change (WG III). Each of the last three parts was completed by a separate Working Group (WG), and each has a Summary for Policymakers (SPM) that represents a consensus of national representatives.
search term: solar Wikipedia Page
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Asymmetry is the absence of, or a violation of, symmetry (the property of an object being invariant to a transformation, such as reflection).[1] Symmetry is an important property of both physical and abstract systems and it may be displayed in precise terms or in more aesthetic terms.[2] The absence of or violation of symmetry that are either expected or desired can have important consequences for a system.
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South America is a continent[h] entirely in the Western Hemisphere[i] and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern subregion of the Americas.
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Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that views language and thought as tools for prediction, problem solving, and action, rather than describing, representing, or mirroring reality. Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topics—such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science—are best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes.
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search term: European regions Wikipedia Page
Europe is often divided into regions and subregions based on geographical, cultural or historical factors. Since there is no universal agreement on Europe's regional composition, the placement of individual countries may vary based on criteria being used. For instance, the Balkans is a distinct geographical region within Europe, but individual countries may alternatively be grouped into South-eastern Europe or Southern Europe.
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Physiology (/ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi/; from Ancient Greek φύσις (phúsis) 'nature, origin' and -λογία (-logía) 'study of')[1] is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system.[2][3] As a subdiscipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out chemical and physical functions in a living system.[4] According to the classes of organisms, the field can be divided into medical physiology, animal physiology, plant physiology, cell physiology, and comparative physiology.[4]
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An interglacial period (or alternatively interglacial, interglaciation) is a geological interval of warmer global average temperature lasting thousands of years that separates consecutive glacial periods within an ice age. The current Holocene interglacial began at the end of the Pleistocene, about 11,700 years ago.
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Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor, the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye.[2] Humidity indicates the likelihood for precipitation, dew, or fog to be present.
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In physics, optical depth or optical thickness is the natural logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a material. Thus, the larger the optical depth, the smaller the amount of transmitted radiant power through the material. Spectral optical depth or spectral optical thickness is the natural logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted spectral radiant power through a material.[1] Optical depth is dimensionless, and in particular is not a length, though it is a monotonically increasing function of optical path length, and approaches zero as the path length approaches zero. The use of the term "optical density" for optical depth is discouraged.[1]
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search term: Berkeley Earth Wikipedia Page
Berkeley Earth is a Berkeley, California-based independent 501(c)(3) non-profit focused on land temperature data analysis for climate science. Berkeley Earth was founded in early 2010 (originally called the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature project) to address the major concerns from outside the scientific community regarding global warming and the instrumental temperature record. The project's stated aim was a "transparent approach, based on data analysis."[1] In February 2013, Berkeley Earth became an independent non-profit. In August 2013, Berkeley Earth was granted 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status by the US government. The primary product is air temperatures over land, but they also produce a global dataset resulting from a merge of their land data with HadSST.
search term: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Wikipedia Page
The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) is used to generate computer simulations of the dynamic processes interacting between the terrestrial and solar systems that impact on Earth's climate.[1] The original model was developed around the turn of the millennium[1] with the most recent iteration, version 6 (WACCM6), released in 2019.[2] The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension (WACCM-X) extends the model to space weather and space climate.[3]
search term: atmospheric general circulation models Wikipedia Page
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search term: atmospheric response Wikipedia Page
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search term: phase changes Wikipedia Page
In physics, chemistry, and other related fields like biology, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases, plasma. A phase of a thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties. During a phase transition of a given medium, certain properties of the medium change as a result of the change of external conditions, such as temperature or pressure. This can be a discontinuous change; for example, a liquid may become gas upon heating to its boiling point, resulting in an abrupt change in volume. The identification of the external conditions at which a transformation occurs defines the phase transition point.
search term: summer mean temperature Wikipedia Page
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search term: volcanic stratospheric aerosol Wikipedia Page
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search term: Internal Climate Variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: seasonal variance modulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: longitudinal representation Wikipedia Page
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search term: ensemble size Wikipedia Page
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search term: Systematic change Wikipedia Page
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search term: overestimate temperature trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: root mean square error Wikipedia Page
The root mean square deviation (RMSD) or root mean square error (RMSE) is either one of two closely related and frequently used measures of the differences between true or predicted values on the one hand and observed values or an estimator on the other. The deviation is typically simply a differences of scalars; it can also be generalized to the vector lengths of a displacement, as in the bioinformatics concept of root mean square deviation of atomic positions.
search term: Solar Radiation Budget Wikipedia Page
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search term: ensemble mean global surface temperature change Wikipedia Page
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search term: forced Rossby waves Wikipedia Page
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search term: Thermodynamic controls Wikipedia Page
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search term: Seasonal cycle amplitude Wikipedia Page
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search term: Observed oxygen declines Wikipedia Page
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search term: subtropical Wikipedia Page
The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from 23°26′09.8″ (or 23.43607°) to approximately 35° north and south. The horse latitudes lie within this range.
search term: constrain Wikipedia Page
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search term: IOB mode Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP6 phase Wikipedia Page
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search term: global water cycle intensification Wikipedia Page
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search term: interannual SST variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Practical Salinity Scale 1978 Wikipedia Page
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search term: structural limitations Wikipedia Page
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search term: insolation Wikipedia Page
Solar irradiance is the power per unit area (surface power density) received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of the measuring instrument. Solar irradiance is measured in watts per square metre (W/m2) in SI units.
search term: CanESM2 Wikipedia Page
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search term: idealized ocean modelling study Wikipedia Page
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search term: residual decadal Wikipedia Page
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search term: Attribution Model Intercomparison Project Wikipedia Page
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search term: ENSO event diversity Wikipedia Page
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search term: associated dynamics Wikipedia Page
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search term: Dynamic Meteorology Wikipedia Page
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search term: anthropogenic warming rate Wikipedia Page
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search term: associated Wikipedia Page
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search term: layer base Wikipedia Page
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search term: interpolation Wikipedia Page
In the mathematical field of numerical analysis, interpolation is a type of estimation, a method of constructing (finding) new data points based on the range of a discrete set of known data points.[1][2]
search term: equatorial Atlantic Wikipedia Page
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search term: Antarctic sea ice concentration Wikipedia Page
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search term: Boreal Winter Atmospheric Circulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: fingerprints Wikipedia Page
A fingerprint is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger. The recovery of partial fingerprints from a crime scene is an important method of forensic science. Moisture and grease on a finger result in fingerprints on surfaces such as glass or metal. Deliberate impressions of entire fingerprints can be obtained by ink or other substances transferred from the peaks of friction ridges on the skin to a smooth surface such as paper. Fingerprint records normally contain impressions from the pad on the last joint of fingers and thumbs, though fingerprint cards also typically record portions of lower joint areas of the fingers.
search term: reanalyses Wikipedia Page
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search term: constrain estimates Wikipedia Page
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search term: extratropical cyclones Wikipedia Page
Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are low-pressure areas which, along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas, drive the weather over much of the Earth. Extratropical cyclones are capable of producing anything from cloudiness and mild showers to severe gales, thunderstorms, blizzards, and tornadoes. These types of cyclones are defined as large scale (synoptic) low pressure weather systems that occur in the middle latitudes of the Earth. In contrast with tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones produce rapid changes in temperature and dew point along broad lines, called weather fronts, about the center of the cyclone.[1]
search term: systematic monitoring Wikipedia Page
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search term: individual forcing Wikipedia Page
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search term: coastal areas Wikipedia Page
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search term: paleo reconstructions Wikipedia Page
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search term: Pacific cooling Wikipedia Page
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search term: observational GMST datasets Wikipedia Page
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search term: Maunder minimum Wikipedia Page
The Maunder Minimum, also known as the "prolonged sunspot minimum", was a period around 1645 to 1715 during which sunspots became exceedingly rare. During the 28-year period 1672–1699 within the minimum, observations revealed fewer than 50 sunspots. This contrasts with the typical 40,000–50,000 sunspots seen in modern times over a similar timespan.[1]
search term: anthropogenic climate change Wikipedia Page
In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution.[3][4] Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices add to greenhouse gases.[5] These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, has grown by about 50% and is at levels unseen for millions of years.[6]
search term: time segments Wikipedia Page
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search term: land ice area fraction Wikipedia Page
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search term: central Arctic Wikipedia Page
The Central Arctic was an electoral district of the Northwest Territories, Canada, created in 1966 and abolished in 1983. The district consisted of Pelly Bay, Spence Bay, Gjoa Haven, Cambridge Bay, Bathurst Inlet, Bay Chimo, Coppermine and Holman.[1] For the 1983 election, Holman was moved to the Nunakput district and the others split between Kitikmeot West and Kitikmeot East. Today Holman, now Ulukhaktok, is the only one of the communities in the Northwest Territories as after division the others became part of Nunavut.
search term: mixing Wikipedia Page
Mix, MIX, mixes, or mixing may refer to:
search term: growing season duration Wikipedia Page
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search term: inference Wikipedia Page
Inferences are steps in reasoning, moving from premises to logical consequences; etymologically, the word infer means to "carry forward". Inference is theoretically traditionally divided into deduction and induction, a distinction that in Europe dates at least to Aristotle (300s BCE). Deduction is inference deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true, with the laws of valid inference being studied in logic. Induction is inference from particular evidence to a universal conclusion. A third type of inference is sometimes distinguished, notably by Charles Sanders Peirce, contradistinguishing abduction from induction.
search term: NASA Wikipedia Page
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA /ˈnæsə/) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research. Established in 1958, it succeeded the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) to give the U.S. space development effort a distinct civilian orientation, emphasizing peaceful applications in space science. It has since led most of America's space exploration programs, including Project Mercury, Project Gemini, the 1968–1972 Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station, and the Space Shuttle. Currently, NASA supports the International Space Station (ISS) along with the Commercial Crew Program, and oversees the development of the Orion spacecraft and the Space Launch System for the lunar Artemis program.
search term: ocean temperature trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: carbon cycle Wikipedia Page
The carbon cycle is that part of the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of Earth. Other major biogeochemical cycles include the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle. Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a major component of many rocks such as limestone. The carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are key to making Earth capable of sustaining life. It describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere, as well as long-term processes of carbon sequestration (storage) to and release from carbon sinks.
search term: reduced warming trend Wikipedia Page
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search term: high Wikipedia Page
search term: extreme event attribution Wikipedia Page
Extreme event attribution, also known as attribution science, is a relatively new field of study in meteorology and climate science that tries to measure how ongoing climate change directly affects extreme events (rare events), for example extreme weather events.[1][2] Attribution science aims to determine which such recent events can be explained by or linked to a warming atmosphere and are not simply due to natural variations.[3]
search term: thermodynamics Wikipedia Page
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics, which convey a quantitative description using measurable macroscopic physical quantities, but may be explained in terms of microscopic constituents by statistical mechanics. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, especially physical chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering, but also in other complex fields such as meteorology.
search term: radiative forcing Wikipedia Page
Radiative forcing (or climate forcing[2]) is a concept used in climate science to quantify the change in energy balance in Earth's atmosphere. Various factors contribute to this change in energy balance, such as concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, and changes in surface albedo and solar irradiance. In more technical terms, it is defined as "the change in the net, downward minus upward, radiative flux (expressed in W/m2) due to a change in an external driver of climate change."[3]: 2245 These external drivers are distinguished from feedbacks and variability that are internal to the climate system, and that further influence the direction and magnitude of imbalance. Radiative forcing on Earth is meaningfully evaluated at the tropopause and at the top of the stratosphere. It is quantified in units of watts per square meter, and often summarized as an average over the total surface area of the globe.
search term: Met Office Wikipedia Page
The Meteorological Office, abbreviated as the Met Office,[2] is the United Kingdom's national weather and climate service. It is an executive agency and trading fund of the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology and is led by CEO[3] Penelope Endersby, who took on the role as Chief Executive in December 2018 and is the first woman to do so.[4] The Met Office makes meteorological predictions across all timescales from weather forecasts to climate change.
search term: Sea Level Rise Contribution From Wikipedia Page
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search term: short time series Wikipedia Page
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search term: external forcing influences Wikipedia Page
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search term: Atlantic Ocean overturning Wikipedia Page
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search term: agricultural crops Wikipedia Page
A crop is a plant that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence.[1] In other words, a crop is a plant or plant product that is grown for a specific purpose such as food, fibre, or fuel.
search term: annual mean precipitation errors Wikipedia Page
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search term: 1850 Wikipedia Page
1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1850th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 850th year of the 2nd millennium, the 50th year of the 19th century, and the 1st year of the 1850s decade. As of the start of 1850, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
search term: Routine Benchmarks Wikipedia Page
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search term: Monthly Precipitation Analysis Wikipedia Page
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search term: deviation Wikipedia Page
Deviation may refer to:
search term: ENSO Teleconnections Wikipedia Page
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search term: maximum daily maximum temperature Wikipedia Page
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search term: northern African rainfall Wikipedia Page
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search term: SIE minimum Wikipedia Page
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search term: regional average teleconnection strength Wikipedia Page
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search term: time evolution Wikipedia Page
Time evolution is the change of state brought about by the passage of time, applicable to systems with internal state (also called stateful systems). In this formulation, time is not required to be a continuous parameter, but may be discrete or even finite. In classical physics, time evolution of a collection of rigid bodies is governed by the principles of classical mechanics. In their most rudimentary form, these principles express the relationship between forces acting on the bodies and their acceleration given by Newton's laws of motion. These principles can be equivalently expressed more abstractly by Hamiltonian mechanics or Lagrangian mechanics.
search term: Seasonal snow cover Wikipedia Page
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search term: ODS concentrations amplified Wikipedia Page
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search term: World Meteorological Wikipedia Page
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search term: terrestrial Wikipedia Page
Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth, as opposed to extraterrestrial.
search term: SST biases Wikipedia Page
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search term: tropical changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean heat Wikipedia Page
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search term: anthropogenic sulphate aerosol cooling Wikipedia Page
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search term: sea ice physics Wikipedia Page
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search term: polar vortex Wikipedia Page
A circumpolar vortex, or simply polar vortex, is a large region of cold, rotating air; polar vortices encircle both of Earth's polar regions. Polar vortices also exist on other rotating, low-obliquity planetary bodies.[1] The term polar vortex can be used to describe two distinct phenomena; the stratospheric polar vortex, and the tropospheric polar vortex. The stratospheric and tropospheric polar vortices both rotate in the direction of the Earth's spin, but they are distinct phenomena that have different sizes, structures, seasonal cycles, and impacts on weather.
search term: Northern Hemisphere Monsoon Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP5 simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: global summer monsoon Wikipedia Page
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search term: scaling Wikipedia Page
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search term: slower surface warming period Wikipedia Page
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search term: winter NAO Wikipedia Page
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search term: ice shelves Wikipedia Page
An ice shelf is a large platform of glacial ice floating on the ocean, fed by one or multiple tributary glaciers. Ice shelves form along coastlines where the ice thickness is insufficient to displace the more dense surrounding ocean water. The boundary between the ice shelf (floating) and grounded ice (resting on bedrock or sediment) is referred to as the grounding line; the boundary between the ice shelf and the open ocean (often covered by sea ice) is the ice front or calving front.
search term: Water Formation Wikipedia Page
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search term: drawdown Wikipedia Page
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search term: Supercooled Liquid Wikipedia Page
Supercooling,[1] also known as undercooling,[2][3] is the process of lowering the temperature of a liquid below its freezing point without it becoming a solid. As per the established international definition, supercooling means ‘cooling a substance below the normal freezing point without solidification’ [4][5] While it can be achieved by different physical means, the postponed solidification is most often due to the absence of seed crystals or nuclei around which a crystal structure can form. The supercooling of water can be achieved without any special techniques other than chemical demineralization, down to −48.3 °C (−54.9 °F). Supercooled water can occur naturally, for example in the atmosphere, animals or plants.
search term: ensemble mean increase Wikipedia Page
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search term: median reconstruction Wikipedia Page
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search term: Taylor diagrams Wikipedia Page
Taylor diagrams are mathematical diagrams designed to graphically indicate which of several approximate representations (or models) of a system, process, or phenomenon is most realistic. This diagram, invented by Karl E. Taylor in 1994 (published in 2001[1]) facilitates the comparative assessment of different models. It is used to quantify the degree of correspondence between the modeled and observed behavior in terms of three statistics: the Pearson correlation coefficient, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) error, and the standard deviation.
search term: extratropical North Atlantic Wikipedia Page
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search term: Biogeosciences Wikipedia Page
Biogeosciences is an open-access peer-reviewed scientific journal of the European Geosciences Union launched in 2004 by editors-in-chief Jean-Pierre Gattuso and Jürgen Kesselmeier. It covers all aspects of the interactions between the biological, chemical, and physical processes in terrestrial or extraterrestrial life with the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. It cuts across the boundaries of established sciences and achieve an interdisciplinary view of these interactions.
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search term: atmospheric model Wikipedia Page
In atmospheric science, an atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive, dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.
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search term: TPI Wikipedia Page
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search term: deep convection Wikipedia Page
Atmospheric convection is the result of a parcel-environment instability (temperature difference layer) in the atmosphere.[jargon] Different lapse rates within dry and moist air masses lead to instability.[jargon] Mixing of air during the day expands the height of the planetary boundary layer,[jargon] leading to increased winds, cumulus cloud development, and decreased surface dew points. Convection involving moist air masses leads to thunderstorm development, which is often responsible for severe weather throughout the world. Special threats from thunderstorms include hail, downbursts, and tornadoes.
search term: green band Wikipedia Page
The Motion Picture Association film rating system is used in the United States and its territories to rate a motion picture's suitability for certain audiences based on its content. The system and the ratings applied to individual motion pictures are the responsibility of the Motion Picture Association (MPA), previously known as the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) from 1945 to 2019. The MPA rating system is a voluntary scheme that is not enforced by law; films can be exhibited without a rating, although most theaters refuse to exhibit non-rated or NC-17 rated films. Non-members of the MPA may also submit films for rating.[1] Other media, such as television programs, music and video games, are rated by other entities such as the TV Parental Guidelines, the RIAA and the ESRB, respectively.
search term: catchments Wikipedia Page
A drainage basin is an area of land in which all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean. A basin is separated from adjacent basins by a perimeter, the drainage divide,[1] made up of a succession of elevated features, such as ridges and hills. A basin may consist of smaller basins that merge at river confluences, forming a hierarchical pattern.[2]
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Biogeochemistry is the scientific discipline that involves the study of the chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes and reactions that govern the composition of the natural environment (including the biosphere, the cryosphere, the hydrosphere, the pedosphere, the atmosphere, and the lithosphere). In particular, biogeochemistry is the study of biogeochemical cycles, the cycles of chemical elements such as carbon and nitrogen, and their interactions with and incorporation into living things transported through earth scale biological systems in space and time. The field focuses on chemical cycles which are either driven by or influence biological activity. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, iron, and phosphorus cycles.[1] Biogeochemistry is a systems science closely related to systems ecology.
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search term: global climate change Wikipedia Page
In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution.[3][4] Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices add to greenhouse gases.[5] These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, has grown by about 50% and is at levels unseen for millions of years.[6]
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search term: Cambridge University Press Wikipedia Page
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted a letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it is the oldest university press in the world. It is also the King's Printer.[3]
search term: surface warming Wikipedia Page
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Dendrochronology (or tree-ring dating) is the scientific method of dating tree rings (also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed in a tree. As well as dating them, this can give data for dendroclimatology, the study of climate and atmospheric conditions during different periods in history from the wood of old trees. Dendrochronology derives from the Ancient Greek dendron (δένδρον), meaning "tree", khronos (χρόνος), meaning "time", and -logia (-λογία), "the study of".[1]
search term: Palaeoclimatology Wikipedia Page
Paleoclimatology (British spelling, palaeoclimatology) is the scientific study of climates predating the invention of meteorological instruments, when no direct measurement data were available.[1] As instrumental records only span a tiny part of Earth's history, the reconstruction of ancient climate is important to understand natural variation and the evolution of the current climate.
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search term: global mean surface air temperature Wikipedia Page
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search term: La Niña phases Wikipedia Page
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search term: Earth system features Wikipedia Page
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search term: Arctic Sea Ice Decline Wikipedia Page
Sea ice in the Arctic region has declined in recent decades in area and volume due to climate change. It has been melting more in summer than it refreezes in winter. Global warming, caused by greenhouse gas forcing is responsible for the decline in Arctic sea ice. The decline of sea ice in the Arctic has been accelerating during the early twenty-first century, with a decline rate of 4.7% per decade (it has declined over 50% since the first satellite records).[1][2][3] Summertime sea ice will likely cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.[4]
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search term: Group Box Wikipedia Page
A frame, or group box, is a type of box within which a collection of graphical control elements can be grouped as a way to show relationships visually,[1] either because the items are functionally related (such as a radio button), or because they apply to related objects.
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search term: Meteorological Society Wikipedia Page
The Royal Meteorological Society is a long-established institution that promotes academic and public engagement in weather and climate science. Fellows of the Society must possess relevant qualifications, but Associate Fellows can be lay enthusiasts. Its Quarterly Journal is one of the world's leading sources of original research in the atmospheric sciences. The chief executive officer is Liz Bentley.
search term: Chaotic Climate Variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Teleconnection Wikipedia Page
Teleconnection in atmospheric science refers to climate anomalies being related to each other at large distances (typically thousands of kilometers). The most emblematic teleconnection is that linking sea-level pressure at Tahiti and Darwin, Australia, which defines the Southern Oscillation. Another well-known teleconnection links the sea-level pressure over Iceland with the one over the Azores, traditionally defining the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO).[1]
search term: Equatorial Atlantic variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: vertical profile Wikipedia Page
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search term: terrestrial ecosystems Wikipedia Page
Terrestrial ecosystems are ecosystems that are found on land. Examples include tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rain forest, grassland, deserts.[1]
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search term: Hop Wikipedia Page
A hop is a type of jump.
search term: South Pacific Wikipedia Page
Main five oceans division:
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search term: land Wikipedia Page
Land, also known as dry land, ground, or earth, is the solid terrestrial surface of Earth not submerged by the ocean or another body of water. It makes up 29.2% of Earth's surface and includes all continents and islands. Earth's land surface is almost entirely covered by regolith, a layer of rock, soil, and minerals that forms the outer part of the crust. Land plays an important role in Earth's climate system, being involved in the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and water cycle. One-third of land is covered in trees, another third is used for agriculture, and one-tenth is covered in permanent snow and glaciers. The remainder consists of desert, savannah, and prairie.
search term: 6th Wikipedia Page
6 (six) is the natural number following 5 and preceding 7. It is a composite number and the smallest perfect number.[1]
search term: Walker Circulation variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: specific humidity Wikipedia Page
Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor, the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye.[2] Humidity indicates the likelihood for precipitation, dew, or fog to be present.
search term: Ice Sheet Wikipedia Page
In glaciology, an ice sheet, also known as a continental glacier,[2] is a mass of glacial ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi).[3] The only current ice sheets are the Antarctic ice sheet and the Greenland ice sheet. Ice sheets are bigger than ice shelves or alpine glaciers. Masses of ice covering less than 50,000 km2 are termed an ice cap. An ice cap will typically feed a series of glaciers around its periphery.
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search term: HIST Wikipedia Page
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The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. It contains a high concentration of ozone (O3) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere. The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth's atmosphere as a whole is about 0.3 parts per million. The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 15 to 35 kilometers (9 to 22 mi) above Earth, although its thickness varies seasonally and geographically.[1]
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search term: black lines Wikipedia Page
Black Lines is the fifth studio album by American rock band Mayday Parade. Recording was done between March and May 2015 with producer Mike Sapone in New York. "Keep in Mind, Transmogrification Is a New Technology" was released as a single in July. "Letting Go" was released as a single in October with the album, released through Fearless, following shortly after. The album charted at number 21 in the United States. This is the last album the band released on Fearless Records.
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search term: zonal component Wikipedia Page
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search term: Northern Hemisphere summer Wikipedia Page
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search term: robust estimates Wikipedia Page
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search term: attribution Wikipedia Page
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search term: Wind Stress Climatology Wikipedia Page
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search term: global dryland greening Wikipedia Page
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search term: Earth Surface Wikipedia Page
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering 70.8% of Earth's crust. The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, most of which is located in the form of continental landmasses within Earth's land hemisphere. Most of Earth's land is somewhat humid and covered by vegetation, while large sheets of ice at Earth's polar deserts retain more water than Earth's groundwater, lakes, rivers and atmospheric water combined. Earth's crust consists of slowly moving tectonic plates, which interact to produce mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Earth has a liquid outer core that generates a magnetosphere capable of deflecting most of the destructive solar winds and cosmic radiation.
search term: oxygen solubility Wikipedia Page
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search term: global monsoon drying Wikipedia Page
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search term: sedimentary paleorecord Wikipedia Page
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search term: positioning Wikipedia Page
Positioning may refer to:
search term: trop Wikipedia Page
Hebrew cantillation, trope, trop, or te'amim is the manner of chanting ritual readings from the Hebrew Bible in synagogue services. The chants are written and notated in accordance with the special signs or marks printed in the Masoretic Text of the Bible, to complement the letters and vowel points.
search term: Southern Hemisphere rainfall Wikipedia Page
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search term: Regional Atmospheric Cloud Wikipedia Page
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search term: atmospheric conditions Wikipedia Page
Steve Roach (born February 16, 1955)[2] is an American composer and performer of ambient and electronic music, whose recordings are informed by his impressions of environment, perception, flow and space. His work has been influential in the trance and new-age genres.[1]
search term: Pacific anoxia Wikipedia Page
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search term: sea ice trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: running mean GSAT anomalies Wikipedia Page
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search term: Stratospheric Northern Annular Mode Wikipedia Page
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search term: global intermediate ocean Wikipedia Page
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search term: global monsoons Wikipedia Page
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search term: Atmospheric circulation Wikipedia Page
Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air and together with ocean circulation is the means by which thermal energy is redistributed on the surface of the Earth. The Earth's atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the large-scale structure of its circulation remains fairly constant. The smaller-scale weather systems – mid-latitude depressions, or tropical convective cells – occur chaotically, and long-range weather predictions of those cannot be made beyond ten days in practice, or a month in theory (see chaos theory and the butterfly effect).
search term: tropical SST trend pattern Wikipedia Page
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search term: transport Wikipedia Page
Transport (in British English) or transportation (in American English) is the intentional movement of humans, animals, and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, land (rail and road), water, cable, pipelines, and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Transport enables human trade, which is essential for the development of civilizations.
search term: Regional Wet Wikipedia Page
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search term: contiguous blocking region Wikipedia Page
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search term: mean trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: western equatorial Pacific Wikipedia Page
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search term: Unc Wikipedia Page
UNC is a three-letter abbreviation that may refer to:
search term: simulated land surface albedo Wikipedia Page
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search term: coastal eutrophication Wikipedia Page
Eutrophication is a general term describing a process in which nutrients accumulate in a body of water, resulting in an increased growth of microorganisms that may deplete the water of oxygen.[1][2] Eutrophication may occur naturally or as a result of human actions. Manmade, or cultural, eutrophication occurs when sewage, industrial wastewater, fertilizer runoff, and other nutrient sources are released into the environment.[3] Such nutrient pollution usually causes algal blooms and bacterial growth, resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen in water and causing substantial environmental degradation.[4]
search term: statistics Wikipedia Page
Statistics (from German: Statistik, orig. "description of a state, a country"[1]) is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.[2] In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model to be studied. Populations can be diverse groups of people or objects such as "all people living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal". Statistics deals with every aspect of data, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.[3]
search term: fingerprint Wikipedia Page
A fingerprint is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger. The recovery of partial fingerprints from a crime scene is an important method of forensic science. Moisture and grease on a finger result in fingerprints on surfaces such as glass or metal. Deliberate impressions of entire fingerprints can be obtained by ink or other substances transferred from the peaks of friction ridges on the skin to a smooth surface such as paper. Fingerprint records normally contain impressions from the pad on the last joint of fingers and thumbs, though fingerprint cards also typically record portions of lower joint areas of the fingers.
search term: orographic effects Wikipedia Page
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search term: active Wikipedia Page
search term: DeepMIP database Wikipedia Page
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search term: computer simulations Wikipedia Page
Computer simulation is the running of a mathematical model on a computer, the model being designed to represent the behaviour of, or the outcome of, a real-world or physical system. The reliability of some mathematical models can be determined by comparing their results to the real-world outcomes they aim to predict. Computer simulations have become a useful tool for the mathematical modeling of many natural systems in physics (computational physics), astrophysics, climatology, chemistry, biology and manufacturing, as well as human systems in economics, psychology, social science, health care and engineering. Simulation of a system is represented as the running of the system's model. It can be used to explore and gain new insights into new technology and to estimate the performance of systems too complex for analytical solutions.[1]
search term: terrestrial nitrogen limitation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Walker circulation trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: early Eocene Wikipedia Page
In the geologic timescale the Ypresian is the oldest age or lowest stratigraphic stage of the Eocene. It spans the time between 56 and 47.8 Ma, is preceded by the Thanetian Age (part of the Paleocene) and is followed by the Eocene Lutetian Age. The Ypresian is consistent with the Lower Eocene (Early Eocene).
search term: standard Wikipedia Page
Standard may refer to:
search term: causality Wikipedia Page
Causality is an influence by which one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is at least partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is at least partly dependent on the cause. In general, a process can have multiple causes,[1] which are also said to be causal factors for it, and all lie in its past. An effect can in turn be a cause of, or causal factor for, many other effects, which all lie in its future. Some writers have held that causality is metaphysically prior to notions of time and space.[2][3][4]
search term: warming biases Wikipedia Page
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search term: nitrogen fertilization Wikipedia Page
A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English) is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply plant nutrients. Fertilizers may be distinct from liming materials or other non-nutrient soil amendments. Many sources of fertilizer exist, both natural and industrially produced.[1] For most modern agricultural practices, fertilization focuses on three main macro nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) with occasional addition of supplements like rock flour for micronutrients. Farmers apply these fertilizers in a variety of ways: through dry or pelletized or liquid application processes, using large agricultural equipment, or hand-tool methods.
search term: dynamical controls Wikipedia Page
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search term: Observational Data Sets Wikipedia Page
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search term: SSW Wikipedia Page
search term: deeper Wikipedia Page
search term: Quantitative performance metrics Wikipedia Page
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search term: stratopause Wikipedia Page
The stratopause (formerly mesopeak) is the level of the atmosphere which is the boundary between two layers: the stratosphere and the mesosphere. In the stratosphere, the temperature increases with altitude, and the stratopause is the region where a maximum in the temperature occurs. This atmospheric feature is not exclusive to Earth, but also occurs on any other planet or moon with an atmosphere.[1] According to James Kasting, planets whose atmospheres do not absorb shortwave sunlight, such as Venus and Mars, do not have a Stratosphere and thus have no Stratopause.[2]
search term: SST variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: detectable Wikipedia Page
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search term: cyclone activity Wikipedia Page
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search term: Northern Hemisphere Wikipedia Page
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the Solar System as Earth's North Pole.[1]
search term: observed deoxygenation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Northern Annular Mode Wikipedia Page
The Arctic oscillation (AO) or Northern Annular Mode/Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM) is a weather phenomenon at the Arctic pole north of 55 degrees latitude. It is an important mode of climate variability for the Northern Hemisphere. The southern hemisphere analogue is called the Antarctic oscillation or Southern Annular Mode (SAM). The index varies over time with no particular periodicity, and is characterized by non-seasonal sea-level pressure anomalies of one sign in the Arctic, balanced by anomalies of opposite sign centered at about 37–45° N.[1]
search term: atmospheric blocking events Wikipedia Page
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search term: orbital changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: linear fit Wikipedia Page
Line fitting is the process of constructing a straight line that has the best fit to a series of data points.
search term: temperature anomaly time series Wikipedia Page
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search term: surface mass balance Wikipedia Page
Crucial to the survival of a glacier is its mass balance of which surface mass balance (SMB), the difference between accumulation and ablation (sublimation and melting). Climate change may cause variations in both temperature and snowfall, causing changes in the surface mass balance.[2] Changes in mass balance control a glacier's long-term behavior and are the most sensitive climate indicators on a glacier.[3] From 1980 to 2012 the mean cumulative mass loss of glaciers reporting mass balance to the World Glacier Monitoring Service is −16 m. This includes 23 consecutive years of negative mass balances.[3]
search term: complex time evolution Wikipedia Page
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search term: simulated response Wikipedia Page
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search term: individual forcing components Wikipedia Page
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search term: length changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: distant history Wikipedia Page
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search term: series Wikipedia Page
search term: anthropogenic signal emergence Wikipedia Page
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search term: climate drivers Wikipedia Page
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search term: Atlantic climate variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: land management Wikipedia Page
Land management is the process of managing the use and development of land resources (in both urban and rural settings, but it is mostly managed in Urban places). Land resources are used for a variety of purposes which may include organic agriculture, reforestation, water resource management and eco-tourism projects. Land management can have positive or negative effects on the terrestrial ecosystems. Land being over- or misused can degrade and reduce productivity and disrupt natural equilibriums.[1]
search term: Tsinghua University Wikipedia Page
Tsinghua University is a public university in Haidian, Beijing, China. It is affiliated with and funded by the Ministry of Education of China. The university is part of Project 211, Project 985, and the Double First-Class Construction. It is also a member in the C9 League.
search term: PDV evolution Wikipedia Page
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search term: climate model tuning Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP6 response Wikipedia Page
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search term: surface temperature change Wikipedia Page
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search term: Southern ocean Wikipedia Page
Main five oceans division:
search term: air quality Wikipedia Page
Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances called pollutants in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials.[1] It is also the contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment either by chemical, physical, or biological agents that alters the natural features of the atmosphere.[1] There are many different types of air pollutants, such as gases (including ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane and chlorofluorocarbons), particulates (both organic and inorganic) and biological molecules. Air pollution can cause diseases, allergies, and even death to humans; it can also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and crops, and may damage the natural environment (for example, climate change, ozone depletion or habitat degradation) or built environment (for example, acid rain).[2] Air pollution can be caused by both human activities[3] and natural phenomena.[4]
search term: circulation strength Wikipedia Page
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search term: extratropical northern latitudes Wikipedia Page
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search term: chemical reactions Wikipedia Page
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.[1] When chemical reactions occur, the atoms are rearranged and the reaction is accompanied by an energy change as new products are generated. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present), and can often be described by a chemical equation. Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes can occur.
search term: simulated airborne fraction Wikipedia Page
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search term: ice cores Wikipedia Page
An ice core is a core sample that is typically removed from an ice sheet or a high mountain glacier. Since the ice forms from the incremental buildup of annual layers of snow, lower layers are older than upper ones, and an ice core contains ice formed over a range of years. Cores are drilled with hand augers (for shallow holes) or powered drills; they can reach depths of over two miles (3.2 km), and contain ice up to 800,000 years old.
search term: Oscillation Wikipedia Page
Oscillation is the repetitive or periodic variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states. Familiar examples of oscillation include a swinging pendulum and alternating current. Oscillations can be used in physics to approximate complex interactions, such as those between atoms.
search term: Increased vertical Wikipedia Page
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search term: September SIE Wikipedia Page
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search term: fully forced climate simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: longer time scale variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Decadal Oscillation Wikipedia Page
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search term: winds Wikipedia Page
Wind is the natural movement of air or other gases relative to a planet's surface. Winds occur on a range of scales, from thunderstorm flows lasting tens of minutes, to local breezes generated by heating of land surfaces and lasting a few hours, to global winds resulting from the difference in absorption of solar energy between the climate zones on Earth. The two main causes of large-scale atmospheric circulation are the differential heating between the equator and the poles, and the rotation of the planet (Coriolis effect). Within the tropics and subtropics, thermal low circulations over terrain and high plateaus can drive monsoon circulations. In coastal areas the sea breeze/land breeze cycle can define local winds; in areas that have variable terrain, mountain and valley breezes can prevail.
search term: amplification Wikipedia Page
Amplification or Amplified or Amplify may refer to:
search term: NASA Team Wikipedia Page
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search term: global volcanism Wikipedia Page
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search term: Homogenization Wikipedia Page
Homogeneity is a sameness of constituent structure.
search term: global ocean warming Wikipedia Page
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search term: AMM Wikipedia Page
Amm or AMM may refer to:
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search term: southern annular mode Wikipedia Page
The Antarctic oscillation (AAO, to distinguish it from the Arctic oscillation or AO), also known as the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), is a low-frequency mode of atmospheric variability of the southern hemisphere that is defined as a belt of strong westerly winds or low pressure surrounding Antarctica which moves north or south as its mode of variability.[2]
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search term: Climate Dynamics Wikipedia Page
Climate Dynamics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media. It covers all aspects of the dynamics of global climate systems, including analytical and numerical modeling research on the structure and behavior of the atmosphere, oceans, cryosphere, biomass, and land surface as interacting components of the dynamics of global climate. The journal also publishes reviews and papers emphasizing an integrated view of the physical and biogeochemical processes governing climate and climate change.
search term: Attribution Model Wikipedia Page
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search term: European Precipitation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Greenland Ice Sheets Wikipedia Page
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search term: thick vertical black lines Wikipedia Page
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search term: South Pacific lobe Wikipedia Page
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search term: Coupled Model Intercomparison Wikipedia Page
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search term: simulated sea ice variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Global Upper Ocean Heat Content Wikipedia Page
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search term: Amplified Meltwater Contributions Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project Wikipedia Page
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search term: climate variability Wikipedia Page
Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more. Climate change may refer to any time in Earth's history, but the term is now commonly used to describe contemporary climate change, often popularly referred to as global warming. Since the Industrial Revolution, the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities.[1]
search term: temporal properties Wikipedia Page
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search term: Southern Hemisphere winter extratropics Wikipedia Page
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search term: Northern Hemisphere land snow cover Wikipedia Page
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search term: AMV variance Wikipedia Page
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search term: constrained models Wikipedia Page
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search term: Greenland Ice Sheet mass Wikipedia Page
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search term: Sea Level Change Attribution Wikipedia Page
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search term: greenhouse warming Wikipedia Page
The greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases in a planet's atmosphere insulate the planet from losing heat to space, raising its surface temperature. Surface heating can happen from an internal heat source as in the case of Jupiter, or from its host star as in the case of the Earth. In the case of Earth, the Sun emits shortwave radiation (sunlight) that passes through greenhouse gases to heat the Earth's surface. In response, the Earth's surface emits longwave radiation that is mostly absorbed by greenhouse gases. The absorption of longwave radiation prevents it from reaching space, reducing the rate at which the Earth can cool off.
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search term: Early Instrumental Indices Wikipedia Page
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search term: forced Wikipedia Page
Forced is a single-player and co-op action role-playing game developed by BetaDwarf, released in October 2013 for Windows, OS X and Linux through the Steam platform as well as Wii U. It is about gladiators fighting for their freedom in a fantasy arena where they are assisted by a spirit-like character called Balfus. Gameplay consists of selecting a weapon class and abilities to combat the various enemies of each arena, while solving puzzles using the help of Balfus. BetaDwarf was formed by a small group of students in 2011, who began developing the game in an unused classroom in Aalborg University – Copenhagen, Denmark. They were removed months later and launched a successful Kickstarter campaign involving an Imgur picture which documented their progress. Forced received moderate to favorable reviews with most critics praising its competitive gameplay and puzzle-system. The game's weak plot, technical glitches and excess difficulty were the negative highlights. It won the Intel Level Up 2013 award and BetaDwarf received the Danish Developer Of The Year (2013) for it.
search term: Upper Wikipedia Page
search term: Interglacial Wikipedia Page
An interglacial period (or alternatively interglacial, interglaciation) is a geological interval of warmer global average temperature lasting thousands of years that separates consecutive glacial periods within an ice age. The current Holocene interglacial began at the end of the Pleistocene, about 11,700 years ago.
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search term: humans Wikipedia Page
Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo. They are great apes characterized by their hairlessness, bipedalism, and high intelligence. Humans have large brains, enabling more advanced cognitive skills that enable them to thrive and adapt in varied environments, develop highly complex tools, and form complex social structures and civilizations. Humans are highly social, with individual humans tending to belong to a multi-layered network of cooperating, distinct, or even competing social groups – from families and peer groups to corporations and political states. As such, social interactions between humans have established a wide variety of values, social norms, languages, and traditions (collectively termed institutions), each of which bolsters human society. Humans are also highly curious, with the desire to understand and influence phenomena having motivated humanity's development of science, technology, philosophy, mythology, religion, and other frameworks of knowledge; humans also study themselves through such domains as anthropology, social science, history, psychology, and medicine. There are estimated to be more than eight billion humans alive.
search term: ISMIP6 Wikipedia Page
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search term: global ocean heat content Wikipedia Page
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search term: paleoclimate simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: West African Droughts Wikipedia Page
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search term: Obs Wikipedia Page
OBS or obs. may refer to:
search term: high confidence Wikipedia Page
Analytic confidence is a rating employed by intelligence analysts to convey doubt to decision makers about a statement of estimative probability. The need for analytic confidence ratings arise from analysts' imperfect knowledge of a conceptual model. An analytic confidence rating pairs with a statement using a word of estimative probability to form a complete analytic statement. Scientific methods for determining analytic confidence remain in infancy.
search term: tropical cyclones Wikipedia Page
A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system with a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is called a hurricane (/ˈhʌrɪkən, -keɪn/), typhoon (/taɪˈfuːn/), tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, or simply cyclone. A hurricane is a strong tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean or northeastern Pacific Ocean. A typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the Indian Ocean and South Pacific, comparable storms are referred to as "tropical cyclones". In modern times, on average around 80 to 90 named tropical cyclones form each year around the world, over half of which develop hurricane-force winds of 65 kn (120 km/h; 75 mph) or more.[1]
search term: residual variance Wikipedia Page
In statistics, explained variation measures the proportion to which a mathematical model accounts for the variation (dispersion) of a given data set. Often, variation is quantified as variance; then, the more specific term explained variance can be used.
search term: soil carbonates Wikipedia Page
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search term: 28 Wikipedia Page
Twenty-eight or 28 may refer to:
search term: sea level response Wikipedia Page
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search term: Northern Hemisphere blocking Wikipedia Page
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search term: Optimal Determination Wikipedia Page
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search term: Unprecedented atmospheric conditions Wikipedia Page
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search term: IPCC assessment Wikipedia Page
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search term: history Wikipedia Page
History (derived from Ancient Greek ἱστορία (historía) 'inquiry; knowledge acquired by investigation')[1] is the systematic study and documentation of the human past.[2][3] History is an academic discipline which uses a narrative to describe, examine, question, and analyze past events, and investigate their patterns of cause and effect.[4][5] Historians debate which narrative best explains an event, as well as the significance of different causes and effects. Historians debate the nature of history as an end in itself, and its usefulness in giving perspective on the problems of the present.[4][6][7][8]
search term: simulated sea surface salinity Wikipedia Page
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search term: natural climate variability Wikipedia Page
Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more. Climate change may refer to any time in Earth's history, but the term is now commonly used to describe contemporary climate change, often popularly referred to as global warming. Since the Industrial Revolution, the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities.[1]
search term: Proxy Data Wikipedia Page
In the study of past climates ("paleoclimatology"), climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological measurements[1] and enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic conditions over a longer fraction of the Earth's history. Reliable global records of climate only began in the 1880s, and proxies provide the only means for scientists to determine climatic patterns before record-keeping began.
search term: Volcanic contribution Wikipedia Page
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search term: western Indian Ocean SST bias Wikipedia Page
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search term: detection Wikipedia Page
In general, detection is the action of accessing information without specific cooperation from with the sender.
search term: spring snow cover extent decline Wikipedia Page
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search term: low confidence Wikipedia Page
Analytic confidence is a rating employed by intelligence analysts to convey doubt to decision makers about a statement of estimative probability. The need for analytic confidence ratings arise from analysts' imperfect knowledge of a conceptual model. An analytic confidence rating pairs with a statement using a word of estimative probability to form a complete analytic statement. Scientific methods for determining analytic confidence remain in infancy.
search term: Modelling Wikipedia Page
A model is an informative representation of an object, person or system. The term originally denoted the plans of a building in late 16th-century English, and derived via French and Italian ultimately from Latin modulus, a measure.[1]
search term: climate models Wikipedia Page
Numerical climate models (or climate system models) are mathematical models that can simulate the interactions of important drivers of climate. These drivers are the atmosphere, oceans, land surface and ice. Scientists use climate models to study the dynamics of the climate system and to make projections of future climate and of climate change. Climate models can also be qualitative (i.e. not numerical) models and contain narratives, largely descriptive, of possible futures.[1]
search term: structure Wikipedia Page
A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized.[1] Material structures include man-made objects such as buildings and machines and natural objects such as biological organisms, minerals and chemicals. Abstract structures include data structures in computer science and musical form. Types of structure include a hierarchy (a cascade of one-to-many relationships), a network featuring many-to-many links, or a lattice featuring connections between components that are neighbors in space.
search term: stratospheric weather events Wikipedia Page
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search term: subsurface salinity bias Wikipedia Page
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search term: Mount Pinatubo eruption Wikipedia Page
The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines' Luzon Volcanic Arc was the second-largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, behind only the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in Alaska. Eruptive activity began on April 2 as a series of phreatic explosions from a fissure that opened on the north side of Mount Pinatubo. Seismographs were set up and began monitoring the volcano for earthquakes. In late May, the number of seismic events under the volcano fluctuated from day-to-day. Beginning June 6, a swarm of progressively shallower earthquakes accompanied by inflationary tilt on the upper east flank of the mountain, culminated in the extrusion of a small lava dome.[4]
search term: simulated temporal statistics Wikipedia Page
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search term: conflicting results Wikipedia Page
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search term: histograms Wikipedia Page
A histogram is a visual representation of the distribution of quantitative data. To construct a histogram, the first step is to "bin" (or "bucket") the range of values— divide the entire range of values into a series of intervals—and then count how many values fall into each interval. The bins are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping intervals of a variable. The bins (intervals) are adjacent and are typically (but not required to be) of equal size.[1]
search term: simulated lagged Wikipedia Page
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search term: ation Wikipedia Page
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search term: GlacierMIP Wikipedia Page
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search term: GML Wikipedia Page
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search term: Quant Wikipedia Page
search term: Glacial cooling Wikipedia Page
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search term: robust signal Wikipedia Page
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search term: Spatiotemporal drought variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: factor Wikipedia Page
Factor, a Latin word meaning "who/which acts", may refer to:
search term: Atmospheric blocking Wikipedia Page
Blocks in meteorology are large-scale patterns in the atmospheric pressure field that are nearly stationary, effectively "blocking" or redirecting migratory cyclones. They are also known as blocking highs or blocking anticyclones.[1] These blocks can remain in place for several days or even weeks, causing the areas affected by them to have the same kind of weather for an extended period of time (e.g. precipitation for some areas, clear skies for others).[2] In the Northern Hemisphere, extended blocking occurs most frequently in the spring over the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.[1] Whilst these events are linked to the occurrence of extreme weather events such as heat waves,[3] particularly the onset and decay of these events is still not well captured in numerical weather forecasts and remains an open area of research.[4][5]
search term: sun Wikipedia Page
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a massive, nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma, heated to incandescence by nuclear fusion reactions in its core, radiating the energy from its surface mainly as visible light and infrared radiation with 10% at ultraviolet energies. It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth. The Sun has been an object of veneration in many cultures. It has been a central subject for astronomical research since antiquity.
search term: root mean Wikipedia Page
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search term: White boxes Wikipedia Page
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search term: maximum expression Wikipedia Page
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search term: diurnally forced OGCM Wikipedia Page
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search term: thermocline bias Wikipedia Page
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search term: Regional Wikipedia Page
In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as areas, zones, lands or territories, are portions of the Earth's surface that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and the interaction of humanity and the environment (environmental geography). Geographic regions and sub-regions are mostly described by their imprecisely defined, and sometimes transitory boundaries, except in human geography, where jurisdiction areas such as national borders are defined in law. More confined or well bounded portions are called locations or places.
search term: remote impacts Wikipedia Page
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search term: global mean sea level rise Wikipedia Page
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search term: mean historical climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: greenhouse gas warming Wikipedia Page
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search term: ENSO events Wikipedia Page
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search term: multidecadal Wikipedia Page
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search term: ENSO teleconnections Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean currents Wikipedia Page
An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of seawater generated by a number of forces acting upon the water, including wind, the Coriolis effect, breaking waves, cabbeling, and temperature and salinity differences.[1] Depth contours, shoreline configurations, and interactions with other currents influence a current's direction and strength. Ocean currents move both horizontally, on scales that can span entire oceans, as well as vertically, with vertical currents (upwelling and downwelling) playing an important role in the movement of nutrients and gases, such as carbon dioxide, between the surface and the deep ocean.
search term: aerosol contributions Wikipedia Page
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search term: Sea Level Evaluation Wikipedia Page
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search term: sea surface temperature gradient Wikipedia Page
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search term: 2020 Wikipedia Page
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search term: diagnostics Wikipedia Page
Diagnosis (pl.: diagnoses) is the identification of the nature and cause of a certain phenomenon. Diagnosis is used in many different disciplines, with variations in the use of logic, analytics, and experience, to determine "cause and effect". In systems engineering and computer science, it is typically used to determine the causes of symptoms, mitigations, and solutions.[1]
search term: Intergovernmental Panel Wikipedia Page
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search term: cold bias Wikipedia Page
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search term: spatial resolution Wikipedia Page
In physics and geosciences, the term spatial resolution refers to distance between independent measurements,[1] or the physical dimension that represents a pixel of the image. While in some instruments, like cameras and telescopes, spatial resolution is directly connected to angular resolution, other instruments, like synthetic aperture radar or a network of weather stations, produce data whose spatial sampling layout is more related to the Earth's surface, such as in remote sensing and satellite imagery.
search term: Atlantic multidecadal climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: circulation changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: global surface climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: Dynamical Thermostat Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP5 climate models Wikipedia Page
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search term: mult Wikipedia Page
The Movement of Trique Unification and Struggle (Spanish: Movimiento de Unificación y Lucha Triqui) is one of the oldest and strongest left wing organizations in the state of Oaxaca, in Mexico.[citation needed] MULT works with indigenous people around Oaxaca.[1]
search term: Centennial glacier retreat Wikipedia Page
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search term: Southern Ocean warming Wikipedia Page
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search term: tropical Pacific Ocean Wikipedia Page
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search term: Nature Wikipedia Page
Nature is an inherent character or constitution,[1] particularly of the ecosphere or the universe as a whole. In this general sense nature refers to the laws, elements and phenomena of the physical world, including life. Although humans are part of nature, human activity or humans as a whole are often described as at times at odds, or outright separate and even superior to nature.[2]
search term: Southern Hemisphere extratropics Wikipedia Page
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search term: tide gauge Wikipedia Page
A tide gauge is a device for measuring the change in sea level relative to a vertical datum.[2][3] It is also known as a mareograph,[4] marigraph,[5] and sea-level recorder.[6] When applied to freshwater continental water bodies, the instrument may also be called a limnimeter.[7][8]
search term: stratospheric ozone Wikipedia Page
The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. It contains a high concentration of ozone (O3) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere. The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth's atmosphere as a whole is about 0.3 parts per million. The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 15 to 35 kilometers (9 to 22 mi) above Earth, although its thickness varies seasonally and geographically.[1]
search term: grey lines Wikipedia Page
Gray Line or Grey Line may refer to:
search term: shared formulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: deeper ocean Wikipedia Page
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search term: internal natural Wikipedia Page
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search term: overestimated ECS Wikipedia Page
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search term: ENSO SST anomalies Wikipedia Page
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search term: greenhouse gases Wikipedia Page
This is an accepted version of this page
search term: Precipitation time series Wikipedia Page
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search term: reconstructed signal Wikipedia Page
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search term: SST patterns Wikipedia Page
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search term: instrumental era Wikipedia Page
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search term: sea surface temperatures Wikipedia Page
Sea surface temperature (or ocean surface temperature) is the temperature of ocean water close to the surface. The exact meaning of surface varies in the literature and in practice. It is usually between 1 millimetre (0.04 in) and 20 metres (70 ft) below the sea surface. Sea surface temperatures greatly modify air masses in the Earth's atmosphere within a short distance of the shore. The thermohaline circulation has a major impact on average sea surface temperature throughout most of the world's oceans.[2]
search term: background series Wikipedia Page
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search term: volume Wikipedia Page
Volume is a measure of regions in three-dimensional space.[1] It is often quantified numerically using SI derived units (such as the cubic metre and litre) or by various imperial or US customary units (such as the gallon, quart, cubic inch). The definition of length and height (cubed) is interrelated with volume. The volume of a container is generally understood to be the capacity of the container; i.e., the amount of fluid (gas or liquid) that the container could hold, rather than the amount of space the container itself displaces. By metonymy, the term "volume" sometimes is used to refer to the corresponding region (e.g., bounding volume).[2][3]
search term: Atlantic Meridional Overturning Wikipedia Page
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search term: sea ice climatological state Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ocean Climate Laboratory Wikipedia Page
The National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) was one of the national environmental data centers operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce. The main NODC facility was located in Silver Spring, Maryland, and consisted of five divisions.[1] The NODC also had field offices collocated with major government or academic oceanographic laboratories in Stennis Space Center, MS; Miami, FL; La Jolla, San Diego, California; Seattle, WA; Austin, Texas; Charleston, South Carolina; Norfolk, Virginia; and Honolulu, Hawaii. In 2015, NODC was merged with the National Climatic Data Center and the National Geophysical Data Center into the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI).[2]
search term: Bjerknes feedback Wikipedia Page
El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global climate phenomenon that emerges from variations in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific Ocean. Those variations have an irregular pattern but do have some semblance of cycles. The occurrence of ENSO is not predictable. It affects the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics, and has links (teleconnections) to higher-latitude regions of the world. The warming phase of the sea surface temperature is known as "El Niño" and the cooling phase as "La Niña". The Southern Oscillation is the accompanying atmospheric oscillation, which is coupled with the sea temperature change.
search term: Earth system components Wikipedia Page
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search term: agricultural production Wikipedia Page
Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, and forestry for food and non-food products.[1] Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. While humans started gathering grains at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers only began planting them around 11,500 years ago. Sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle were domesticated around 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world. In the 20th century, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monocultures came to dominate agricultural output.
search term: Global Biogeochemical Cycles Wikipedia Page
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search term: ITCZ bias Wikipedia Page
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search term: surface air temperature anomaly Wikipedia Page
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search term: intermediate ocean layers Wikipedia Page
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search term: summertime Arctic sea ice Wikipedia Page
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search term: zonal dipole mode Wikipedia Page
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search term: unforced climate models Wikipedia Page
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search term: finite volume Wikipedia Page
The finite volume method (FVM) is a method for representing and evaluating partial differential equations in the form of algebraic equations.[1] In the finite volume method, volume integrals in a partial differential equation that contain a divergence term are converted to surface integrals, using the divergence theorem. These terms are then evaluated as fluxes at the surfaces of each finite volume. Because the flux entering a given volume is identical to that leaving the adjacent volume, these methods are conservative. Another advantage of the finite volume method is that it is easily formulated to allow for unstructured meshes. The method is used in many computational fluid dynamics packages. "Finite volume" refers to the small volume surrounding each node point on a mesh.[2]
search term: observed sea level Wikipedia Page
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search term: Earth System Processes Wikipedia Page
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search term: changing ocean circulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Northern Hemisphere monsoons Wikipedia Page
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search term: pressure anomalies Wikipedia Page
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search term: Non-uniform seasonal warming Wikipedia Page
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search term: regional climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ter Wikipedia Page
Ter or TER may refer to:
search term: Haustein Wikipedia Page
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search term: North Pacific deglacial hypoxic events Wikipedia Page
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search term: Antarctic SIE Wikipedia Page
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search term: RAPID Wikipedia Page
RAPID is a high-level programming language used to control ABB industrial robots. RAPID was introduced along with the S4 Control System in 1994 by ABB, superseding the ARLA programming language.
search term: warming range Wikipedia Page
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search term: tongue development Wikipedia Page
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search term: global greenhouse gas emission pathways Wikipedia Page
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search term: Instrumental Period Wikipedia Page
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search term: AMV indices Wikipedia Page
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search term: Indirect Shortwave Wikipedia Page
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search term: Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport Wikipedia Page
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search term: natural forcing Wikipedia Page
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search term: Atlantic Multidecadal Wikipedia Page
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search term: storminess Wikipedia Page
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search term: dryness Wikipedia Page
Dry or dryness most often refers to:
search term: deluge Wikipedia Page
A deluge is a large downpour of rain, often a flood.
search term: performance indices Wikipedia Page
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search term: mass balance Wikipedia Page
In physics, a mass balance, also called a material balance, is an application of conservation of mass[1] to the analysis of physical systems. By accounting for material entering and leaving a system, mass flows can be identified which might have been unknown, or difficult to measure without this technique. The exact conservation law used in the analysis of the system depends on the context of the problem, but all revolve around mass conservation, i.e., that matter cannot disappear or be created spontaneously.[2]: 59–62
search term: ice dynamics Wikipedia Page
In glaciology, an ice sheet, also known as a continental glacier,[2] is a mass of glacial ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi).[3] The only current ice sheets are the Antarctic ice sheet and the Greenland ice sheet. Ice sheets are bigger than ice shelves or alpine glaciers. Masses of ice covering less than 50,000 km2 are termed an ice cap. An ice cap will typically feed a series of glaciers around its periphery.
search term: centennial climate variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Cloud radiative Wikipedia Page
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search term: water column Wikipedia Page
The (oceanic) water column is a concept used in oceanography to describe the physical (temperature, salinity, light penetration) and chemical (pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrient salts) characteristics of seawater at different depths for a defined geographical point. Generally, vertical profiles are made of temperature, salinity, chemical parameters at a defined point along the water column.[1] The water column is the largest, yet one of the most under-explored, habitats on the planet; it is explored to better understand the ocean as a whole, including the huge biomass that lives there and its importance to the global carbon and other biogeochemical cycles.[2] Studying the water column also provides understanding on the links between living organisms and environmental parameters, large-scale water circulation and the transfer of matter between water masses.[1]
search term: CMIP6 biases Wikipedia Page
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search term: atmospheric water vapour Wikipedia Page
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search term: circulation zones Wikipedia Page
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search term: AMIP Wikipedia Page
search term: NUIST Earth System Model Wikipedia Page
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search term: forced patterns Wikipedia Page
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search term: observational counterpart Wikipedia Page
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search term: Zonal Mean Ocean Temperature Evaluation Wikipedia Page
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search term: multiple time scales Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP6 HighResMIP Multimodel Ensemble Wikipedia Page
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search term: AMV pattern Wikipedia Page
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search term: RGI Consortium Wikipedia Page
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search term: Horizontal Resolution Wikipedia Page
Dots per inch (DPI, or dpi[1]) is a measure of spatial printing, video or image scanner dot density, in particular the number of individual dots that can be placed in a line within the span of 1 inch (2.54 cm). Similarly, dots per centimetre (d/cm or dpcm) refers to the number of individual dots that can be placed within a line of 1 centimetre (0.394 in).[2]
search term: surface westerlies Wikipedia Page
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search term: Northern Hemisphere winter Wikipedia Page
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search term: Agricultural Green Revolution Wikipedia Page
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search term: commensurate Antarctic Bottom Water volume Wikipedia Page
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search term: gas induced Arctic sea ice loss Wikipedia Page
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search term: individual ensemble Wikipedia Page
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search term: western African rainfall Wikipedia Page
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search term: HadCRUT Wikipedia Page
HadCRUT is the dataset of worldwide monthly instrumental temperature records formed by combining the sea surface temperature records compiled by the Hadley Centre of the UK Met Office and the land surface air temperature records compiled by the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia.[1]
search term: anthropogenic aerosol influence Wikipedia Page
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search term: tropical sea surface temperature trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: subcontinental analysis Wikipedia Page
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search term: AR5 assessment Wikipedia Page
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search term: missing forcings Wikipedia Page
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search term: Southern Ocean stratification Wikipedia Page
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search term: medium agreement Wikipedia Page
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search term: boreal winter Wikipedia Page
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search term: eddy activity Wikipedia Page
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search term: amplitude asymmetry Wikipedia Page
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search term: pink shading Wikipedia Page
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search term: climate model evaluation Wikipedia Page
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search term: temperature panels Wikipedia Page
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search term: grid cells Wikipedia Page
A grid cell is a type of neuron within the entorhinal cortex that fires at regular intervals as an animal navigates an open area, allowing it to understand its position in space by storing and integrating information about location, distance, and direction.[1] Grid cells have been found in many animals, including rats,[1] mice,[2] bats,[3] monkeys,[4] and humans.[5][6]
search term: tropical Atlantic climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: Grey dots Wikipedia Page
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search term: Antarctic Ice Wikipedia Page
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search term: Summertime Response Wikipedia Page
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search term: Earth System Science Data Wikipedia Page
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search term: winter cold spells Wikipedia Page
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search term: simulated interannual variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: deeper ocean mean Wikipedia Page
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search term: energy budget Wikipedia Page
An energy budget is a balance sheet of energy income against expenditure. It is studied in the field of Energetics which deals with the study of energy transfer and transformation from one form to another. Calorie is the basic unit of measurement. An organism in a laboratory experiment is an open thermodynamic system, exchanging energy with its surroundings in three ways - heat, work and the potential energy of biochemical compounds.
search term: Earth System models Wikipedia Page
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search term: Arctic sea ice trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: tropical Pacific mean state Wikipedia Page
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search term: precipitation intensity Wikipedia Page
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search term: increased surface melting Wikipedia Page
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search term: mean spatial correlation Wikipedia Page
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search term: PDV change Wikipedia Page
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search term: Aleutian Low Wikipedia Page
The Aleutian Low is a semi-permanent low-pressure system located near the Aleutian Islands in the Bering Sea during the Northern Hemisphere winter. It is a climatic feature centered near the Aleutian Islands measured based on mean sea-level pressure. It is one of the largest atmospheric circulation patterns in the Northern Hemisphere and represents one of the "main centers of action in atmospheric circulation."[1]
search term: reanalysis Wikipedia Page
Reanalysis is a new analysis of something. It may refer to:
search term: ensemble simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: permafrost feedbacks Wikipedia Page
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search term: Earth System Wikipedia Page
Earth system science (ESS) is the application of systems science to the Earth.[1][2][3][4] In particular, it considers interactions and 'feedbacks', through material and energy fluxes, between the Earth's sub-systems' cycles, processes and "spheres"—atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere,[5] geosphere, pedosphere, lithosphere, biosphere,[6] and even the magnetosphere[7]—as well as the impact of human societies on these components.[8] At its broadest scale, Earth system science brings together researchers across both the natural and social sciences, from fields including ecology, economics, geography, geology, glaciology, meteorology, oceanography, climatology, paleontology, sociology, and space science.[9] Like the broader subject of systems science, Earth system science assumes a holistic view of the dynamic interaction between the Earth's spheres and their many constituent subsystems fluxes and processes, the resulting spatial organization and time evolution of these systems, and their variability, stability and instability.[10][11][12] Subsets of Earth System science include systems geology[13][14] and systems ecology,[15] and many aspects of Earth System science are fundamental to the subjects of physical geography[16][17] and climate science.[18]
search term: PDV shift Wikipedia Page
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search term: Southern Hemisphere Wikipedia Page
The Southern Hemisphere is the half (hemisphere) of Earth that is south of the Equator. It contains all or parts of five continents[1] (the whole of Antarctica, the whole of Australia, about 90% of South America, about one-third of Africa, and some islands off the continental mainland of Asia) and four oceans (the whole Southern Ocean, the majority of the Indian Ocean, the South Atlantic Ocean, and the South Pacific Ocean), as well as New Zealand and most of the Pacific Islands in Oceania. Its surface is 80.9% water, compared with 60.7% water in the Northern Hemisphere, and it contains 32.7% of Earth's land.[2]
search term: South East Atlantic Wikipedia Page
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search term: global summer monsoon precipitation intensity Wikipedia Page
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search term: process understanding Wikipedia Page
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search term: ENSO Wikipedia Page
El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global climate phenomenon that emerges from variations in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific Ocean. Those variations have an irregular pattern but do have some semblance of cycles. The occurrence of ENSO is not predictable. It affects the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics, and has links (teleconnections) to higher-latitude regions of the world. The warming phase of the sea surface temperature is known as "El Niño" and the cooling phase as "La Niña". The Southern Oscillation is the accompanying atmospheric oscillation, which is coupled with the sea temperature change.
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search term: CMIP5 climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: Sudden Stratospheric Warming Activity Wikipedia Page
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search term: early Eocene climate proxy data Wikipedia Page
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search term: seasonal Wikipedia Page
A season is a division of the year[1] based on changes in weather, ecology, and the number of daylight hours in a given region. On Earth, seasons are the result of the axial parallelism of Earth's tilted orbit around the Sun.[2][3][4] In temperate and polar regions, the seasons are marked by changes in the intensity of sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface, variations of which may cause animals to undergo hibernation or to migrate, and plants to be dormant. Various cultures define the number and nature of seasons based on regional variations, and as such there are a number of both modern and historical definitions of the seasons.
search term: UNFCCC Wikipedia Page
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the UN process for negotiating an agreement to limit dangerous climate change. It is an international treaty among countries to combat "dangerous human interference with the climate system". The main way to do this is limiting the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.[1] It was signed in 1992 by 154 states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro. The treaty entered into force on 21 March 1994.[2] "UNFCCC" is also the name of the Secretariat charged with supporting the operation of the convention, with offices on the UN Campus in Bonn, Germany.[3]
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search term: causal relationship Wikipedia Page
Causality is an influence by which one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is at least partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is at least partly dependent on the cause. In general, a process can have multiple causes,[1] which are also said to be causal factors for it, and all lie in its past. An effect can in turn be a cause of, or causal factor for, many other effects, which all lie in its future. Some writers have held that causality is metaphysically prior to notions of time and space.[2][3][4]
search term: ice area Wikipedia Page
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search term: overconfidence Wikipedia Page
Confidence is the feeling of belief or trust that a person or thing is reliable.[1] Self-confidence is trust in oneself. Self-confidence involves a positive belief that one can generally accomplish what one wishes to do in the future.[2] Self-confidence is not the same as self-esteem, which is an evaluation of one's worth. Self-confidence is related to self-efficacy—belief in one's ability to accomplish a specific task or goal.[3][4] Confidence can be a self-fulfilling prophecy, as those without it may fail because they lack it, and those with it may succeed because they have it rather than because of an innate ability or skill.
search term: Precipitation Change Wikipedia Page
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search term: Extreme Precipitation Wikipedia Page
Extreme weather includes unexpected, unusual, severe, or unseasonal weather; weather at the extremes of the historical distribution—the range that has been seen in the past.[1][2][3] Extreme events are based on a location's recorded weather history. They are defined as lying in the most unusual ten percent (10th or 90th percentile of a probability density function).[2] The main types of extreme weather include heat waves, cold waves and heavy precipitation or storm events, such as tropical cyclones. The effects of extreme weather events are economic costs, loss of human lives, droughts, floods, landslides. Severe weather is a particular type of extreme weather which poses risks to life and property.
search term: Change Biology Wikipedia Page
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search term: Global Change Biology Wikipedia Page
Global Change Biology is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the interface between biological systems and all aspects of environmental change that affect a substantial part of the globe[1] including climate change, global warming, land use change, invasive species, urbanization, wildfire, and greenhouse gases. The editor-in-chief is Stephen P. Long,[2] environmental plant physiologist, Fellow of the Royal Society and member of the National Academy of Sciences (University of Illinois and Lancaster University).
search term: regional climate information Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean pH decline Wikipedia Page
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search term: rapid sea ice decline Wikipedia Page
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search term: tropical shelves Wikipedia Page
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search term: temperature extremes Wikipedia Page
The list of weather records includes the most extreme occurrences of weather phenomena for various categories. Many weather records are measured under specific conditions—such as surface temperature and wind speed—to keep consistency among measurements around the Earth. Each of these records is understood to be the record value officially observed, as these records may have been exceeded before modern weather instrumentation was invented, or in remote areas without an official weather station. This list does not include remotely sensed observations such as satellite measurements, since those values are not considered official records.[2]
search term: ENSO amplitude Wikipedia Page
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search term: squares regression methods Wikipedia Page
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search term: Quaternary International Wikipedia Page
Quaternary International is a peer-reviewed scientific journal on quaternary science published by Elsevier on behalf of the International Union for Quaternary Research. The journal was established in 1989 and covers full spectrum of the physical and natural sciences that are commonly employed in solving problems related to the quaternary period.[1] The editor-in-chief is Min-Te Chen (National Taiwan Ocean University).[2]
search term: un Wikipedia Page
The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political[2] international organization with the intended purpose of maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation, and serving as a center for coordinating the actions of member nations.[3] It is widely recognised as the world's largest international organization.[4] The UN is headquartered in New York City, in international territory with certain privileges extraterritorial to the United States, and the UN has other offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague, where the International Court of Justice is headquartered at the Peace Palace.
search term: time scales Wikipedia Page
Time scale may refer to:
search term: energy balance model Wikipedia Page
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search term: greenhouse gas emissions Wikipedia Page
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities intensify the greenhouse effect. This contributes to climate change. Carbon dioxide (CO2), from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, is one of the most important factors in causing climate change. The largest emitters are China followed by the United States. The United States has higher emissions per capita. The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies. Emissions from human activities have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but have been consistent among all greenhouse gases. Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than any decade before.[2] Total cumulative emissions from 1870 to 2022 were 703 GtC (2575 GtCO2), of which 484±20 GtC (1773±73 GtCO2) from fossil fuels and industry, and 219±60 GtC (802±220 GtCO2) from land use change. Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2022, coal 32%, oil 24%, and gas 10%.[3][4]
search term: interannual movement Wikipedia Page
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search term: model diversity Wikipedia Page
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search term: SST bias Wikipedia Page
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search term: Nonuniform Contribution Wikipedia Page
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search term: Atlantic warming Wikipedia Page
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search term: river plume interactions Wikipedia Page
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search term: aerosols Wikipedia Page
An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.[1] Aerosols can be generated from natural or human causes. The term aerosol commonly refers to the mixture of particulates in air, and not to the particulate matter alone.[2] Examples of natural aerosols are fog, mist or dust. Examples of human caused aerosols include particulate air pollutants, mist from the discharge at hydroelectric dams, irrigation mist, perfume from atomizers, smoke, dust, sprayed pesticides, and medical treatments for respiratory illnesses.[3]
search term: global temperatures Wikipedia Page
This is an accepted version of this page
search term: land carbon uptake Wikipedia Page
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search term: zonal mean ocean temperatures Wikipedia Page
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search term: Meridional Pattern Wikipedia Page
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search term: pluvials Wikipedia Page
In geology and climatology, a pluvial is either a modern climate characterized by relatively high precipitation or an interval of time of variable length, decades to thousands of years, during which a climate is characterized by relatively high precipitation or humidity. Subdivisions of a pluvial, which are characterized by relatively high precipitation, are known as a subpluvials. Formally, pluvials were equated with glacial stages of the Quaternary. However, pluvials, as in equatorial regions, can also occur during interglacial stages. No lower latitudes have experienced major pluvials in early to mid-Holocene times.
search term: hiatus prediction Wikipedia Page
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search term: springtime retreat Wikipedia Page
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search term: LGM Wikipedia Page
search term: sigma model Wikipedia Page
In physics, a sigma model is a field theory that describes the field as a point particle confined to move on a fixed manifold. This manifold can be taken to be any Riemannian manifold, although it is most commonly taken to be either a Lie group or a symmetric space. The model may or may not be quantized. An example of the non-quantized version is the Skyrme model; it cannot be quantized due to non-linearities of power greater than 4. In general, sigma models admit (classical) topological soliton solutions, for example, the skyrmion for the Skyrme model. When the sigma field is coupled to a gauge field, the resulting model is described by Ginzburg–Landau theory. This article is primarily devoted to the classical field theory of the sigma model; the corresponding quantized theory is presented in the article titled "non-linear sigma model".
search term: observed SSTs Wikipedia Page
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search term: acidification Wikipedia Page
Acidification may refer to:
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search term: Antarctic ice shelves Wikipedia Page
This is a list of Antarctic ice shelves.
search term: Dynamical Ice Sheet Modeling Wikipedia Page
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search term: overturn Wikipedia Page
Overturn is a video game developed by Japanese company Studio Zan for WiiWare. It was released in Japan on December 2, 2008, in North America on August 3, 2009, and in Europe on February 12, 2010, by Gamebridge as Overturn: Mecha Wars.[2]
search term: AerChemMIP Wikipedia Page
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search term: basal melt Wikipedia Page
In glaciology, an ice sheet, also known as a continental glacier,[2] is a mass of glacial ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi).[3] The only current ice sheets are the Antarctic ice sheet and the Greenland ice sheet. Ice sheets are bigger than ice shelves or alpine glaciers. Masses of ice covering less than 50,000 km2 are termed an ice cap. An ice cap will typically feed a series of glaciers around its periphery.
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search term: glacier retreat Wikipedia Page
The retreat of glaciers since 1850 is a well-documented effect of climate change. The retreat of mountain glaciers provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century. Examples include mountain glaciers in western North America, Asia, the Alps in central Europe, and tropical and subtropical regions of South America and Africa. Since glacial mass is affected by long-term climatic changes, e.g. precipitation, mean temperature, and cloud cover, glacial mass changes are one of the most sensitive indicators of climate change. The retreat of glaciers is also a major reason for sea level rise. Excluding peripheral glaciers of ice sheets, the total cumulated global glacial losses over the 26 years from 1993 to 2018 were likely 5500 gigatons, or 210 gigatons per year.[1]: 1275
search term: Greenhouse Gas Forcing Wikipedia Page
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search term: GMSL budget Wikipedia Page
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search term: boreal Wikipedia Page
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search term: ENSO variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: seasonal compensation effects Wikipedia Page
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search term: decadal time scales Wikipedia Page
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search term: Maritime Continent Wikipedia Page
Maritime Continent is the name given primarily by meteorologists and oceanographers to the region of Southeast Asia which comprises, amongst other countries, Indonesia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea. In some usage the maritime continent includes the Malay Peninsula.[1] Located between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, it is situated within a warm ocean region known as the Tropical Warm Pool.
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search term: Mount Pinatubo Wikipedia Page
Mount Pinatubo[4] is an active stratovolcano in the Zambales Mountains in Luzon in the Philippines. Located on the tripoint of Zambales, Tarlac and Pampanga provinces,[5][6] most people were unaware of its eruptive history before the pre-eruption volcanic activity in early 1991. Dense forests, which supported a population of several thousand indigenous Aetas, heavily eroded and obscured Pinatubo.
search term: Geoscientific Model Wikipedia Page
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search term: Environmental Research Letters Wikipedia Page
Environmental Research Letters is a quarterly, peer-reviewed, open-access, scientific journal covering research on all aspects of environmental science. It is published by IOP Publishing. The editor-in-chief is Radhika Khosla (University of Oxford, UK).
search term: Climate Model Errors Wikipedia Page
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search term: Divergent Atmospheric Circulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Tripole Index Wikipedia Page
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search term: AR5 remains Wikipedia Page
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search term: budget Wikipedia Page
A budget is a calculation plan, usually but not always financial, for a defined period, often one year or a month. A budget may include anticipated sales volumes and revenues, resource quantities including time, costs and expenses, environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions, other impacts, assets, liabilities and cash flows. Companies, governments, families, and other organizations use budgets to express strategic plans of activities in measurable terms.[1]
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search term: categorical evidence Wikipedia Page
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search term: attributable Wikipedia Page
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search term: central Australia Wikipedia Page
Central Australia, also sometimes referred to as the Red Centre, is an inexactly defined region associated with the geographic centre of Australia. In its narrowest sense it describes a region that is limited to the town of Alice Springs and its immediate surrounds including the MacDonnell Ranges. Commonly, it refers to an area up to 600 km (370 mi) from Alice Springs, in every direction. In its broadest use it can include almost any region in inland Australia that has remained relatively undeveloped, and in this sense is synonymous with the term Outback.
search term: hydrological cycle Wikipedia Page
The water cycle (or hydrologic cycle or hydrological cycle), is a biogeochemical cycle that involves the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time. However, the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, salt water and atmospheric water is variable and depends on climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere. The processes that drive these movements are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, sublimation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different forms: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor. The ocean plays a key role in the water cycle as it is the source of 86% of global evaporation.[2]
search term: human activity Wikipedia Page
1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville · Marx · Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto · Tönnies · Veblen · Simmel · Durkheim · Addams · Mead · Weber · Du Bois · Mannheim · Elias
search term: Global Land Ice Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ocean Salinity Wikipedia Page
The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of Earth.[8] In English, the term ocean also refers to any of the large bodies of water into which the world ocean is conventionally divided.[9] The following names describe five different areas of the ocean: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic/Southern, and Arctic.[10][11] The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water[8] and is the primary component of Earth's hydrosphere and is thereby essential to life on Earth. The ocean influences climate and weather patterns, the carbon cycle, and the water cycle by acting as a huge heat reservoir.
search term: MidHolocene Orbital Forcing Wikipedia Page
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search term: tropical Indian Ocean mean state Wikipedia Page
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search term: oceanic reconstructions Wikipedia Page
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search term: negative Southern Annular Mode Wikipedia Page
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search term: thermocline remains Wikipedia Page
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search term: extreme precipitation Wikipedia Page
Extreme weather includes unexpected, unusual, severe, or unseasonal weather; weather at the extremes of the historical distribution—the range that has been seen in the past.[1][2][3] Extreme events are based on a location's recorded weather history. They are defined as lying in the most unusual ten percent (10th or 90th percentile of a probability density function).[2] The main types of extreme weather include heat waves, cold waves and heavy precipitation or storm events, such as tropical cyclones. The effects of extreme weather events are economic costs, loss of human lives, droughts, floods, landslides. Severe weather is a particular type of extreme weather which poses risks to life and property.
search term: Indian Ocean dipole Wikipedia Page
The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), also known as the Indian Niño, is an irregular oscillation of sea surface temperatures in which the western Indian Ocean becomes alternately warmer (positive phase) and then colder (negative phase) than the eastern part of the ocean.
search term: Eurasian midcontinental aridity Wikipedia Page
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search term: Coastal Wind Representation Wikipedia Page
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search term: amplitude Wikipedia Page
The amplitude of a periodic variable is a measure of its change in a single period (such as time or spatial period). The amplitude of a non-periodic signal is its magnitude compared with a reference value. There are various definitions of amplitude (see below), which are all functions of the magnitude of the differences between the variable's extreme values. In older texts, the phase of a periodic function is sometimes called the amplitude.[1]
search term: Last Glacial Maximum experiments Wikipedia Page
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search term: March Arctic SIE Wikipedia Page
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search term: percentiles Wikipedia Page
In statistics, a k-th percentile, also known as percentile score or centile, is a score below which a given percentage k of scores in its frequency distribution falls ("exclusive" definition) or a score at or below which a given percentage falls ("inclusive" definition). Percentiles are expressed in the same unit of measurement as the input scores, not in percent; for example, if the scores refer to human weight, the corresponding percentiles will be expressed in kilograms or pounds. In the limit of an infinite sample size, the percentile approximates the percentile function, the inverse of the cumulative distribution function.
search term: Southern Ocean Wikipedia Page
Main five oceans division:
search term: attribution problem Wikipedia Page
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search term: sea level change Wikipedia Page
Between 1901 and 2018, the average sea level rose by 15–25 cm (6–10 in), with an increase of 2.3 mm (0.091 in) per year since the 1970s.[3]: 1216 This was faster than the sea level had ever risen over at least the past 3,000 years.[3]: 1216 The rate accelerated to 4.62 mm (0.182 in)/yr for the decade 2013–2022.[4] Climate change due to human activities is the main cause.[5]: 5, 8 Between 1993 and 2018, melting ice sheets and glaciers accounted for 44% of sea level rise, with another 42% resulting from thermal expansion of water.[6]: 1576
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search term: interhemispheric SST gradient Wikipedia Page
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search term: Christy Wikipedia Page
Christy may refer to:
search term: Western United States Wikipedia Page
The Western United States (also called the American West, the Western States, the Far West, the Western territories, and the West) is one of the four census regions defined by the United States Census Bureau.
search term: Life cycle Wikipedia Page
Life cycle, life-cycle, or lifecycle may refer to:
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search term: thermosteric sea level applications Wikipedia Page
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search term: combined Wikipedia Page
Combined may refer to:
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search term: Models Wikipedia Page
A model is an informative representation of an object, person or system. The term originally denoted the plans of a building in late 16th-century English, and derived via French and Italian ultimately from Latin modulus, a measure.[1]
search term: time series Wikipedia Page
In mathematics, a time series is a series of data points indexed (or listed or graphed) in time order. Most commonly, a time series is a sequence taken at successive equally spaced points in time. Thus it is a sequence of discrete-time data. Examples of time series are heights of ocean tides, counts of sunspots, and the daily closing value of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
search term: American Geophysical Union Wikipedia Page
The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of Earth, atmospheric, ocean, hydrologic, space, and planetary scientists and enthusiasts that according to their website includes 130,000 people (not members). AGU's activities are focused on the organization and dissemination of scientific information in the interdisciplinary and international fields within the Earth and space sciences. The geophysical sciences involve four fundamental areas: atmospheric and ocean sciences; solid-Earth sciences; hydrologic sciences; and space sciences. The organization's headquarters is located on Florida Avenue in Washington, D.C.[7]
search term: solar cycle signal Wikipedia Page
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search term: Robust Strengthening Wikipedia Page
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search term: records Wikipedia Page
A record, recording or records may refer to:
search term: ice extent Wikipedia Page
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search term: Mauna Loa Observatory Wikipedia Page
The Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) is an atmospheric baseline station on Mauna Loa, on the island of Hawaii, located in the U.S. state of Hawaii.
search term: forced component Wikipedia Page
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search term: Critical Southern Ocean climate model biases Wikipedia Page
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search term: Precipitation sensitivity Wikipedia Page
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search term: intraseasonal variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: observational climatology Wikipedia Page
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search term: hurricanes Wikipedia Page
A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system with a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is called a hurricane (/ˈhʌrɪkən, -keɪn/), typhoon (/taɪˈfuːn/), tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, or simply cyclone. A hurricane is a strong tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean or northeastern Pacific Ocean. A typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the Indian Ocean and South Pacific, comparable storms are referred to as "tropical cyclones". In modern times, on average around 80 to 90 named tropical cyclones form each year around the world, over half of which develop hurricane-force winds of 65 kn (120 km/h; 75 mph) or more.[1]
search term: Northern Hemisphere snow cover Wikipedia Page
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search term: Heat Waves Wikipedia Page
"Heat Waves" is a song by English indie rock band Glass Animals released as a single from their third studio album Dreamland on 29 June 2020. A sleeper hit, it is the band's signature song and biggest hit single to date. In addition to reaching number five on the UK Singles Chart and being a top-five hit in several other European countries, it reached number one in Australia, Canada, Lithuania, Switzerland and the United States, where it topped the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks in early 2022 after a record-breaking 59-week climb to number one. At 91 weeks, it is the longest charting song on the Hot 100 of all time, surpassing "Blinding Lights" by The Weeknd.[4] By June 2024, the song had accumulated more than three billion streams on Spotify.[5] At the 2022 Brit Awards, "Heat Waves" was nominated for Best British Single.[6]
search term: Tracking Improvement Wikipedia Page
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search term: proxy information Wikipedia Page
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search term: forced anthropogenic change Wikipedia Page
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search term: latitudes Wikipedia Page
In geography, latitude is a coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body. Latitude is given as an angle that ranges from −90° at the south pole to 90° at the north pole, with 0° at the Equator. Lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run east–west as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude and longitude are used together as a coordinate pair to specify a location on the surface of the Earth.
search term: surface energy budget Wikipedia Page
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search term: temperature proxies Wikipedia Page
In the study of past climates ("paleoclimatology"), climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological measurements[1] and enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic conditions over a longer fraction of the Earth's history. Reliable global records of climate only began in the 1880s, and proxies provide the only means for scientists to determine climatic patterns before record-keeping began.
search term: SST anomaly diversity Wikipedia Page
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search term: regularized linear regression Wikipedia Page
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search term: Sea Salt Aerosols Wikipedia Page
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search term: Tropospheric jet response Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean sampling Wikipedia Page
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search term: climate feedbacks Wikipedia Page
Climate change feedbacks are natural processes that impact how much global temperatures will increase for a given amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Positive feedbacks amplify global warming while negative feedbacks diminish it.[2]: 2233 Feedbacks influence both the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the amount of temperature change that happens in response. While emissions are the forcing that causes climate change, feedbacks combine to control climate sensitivity to that forcing.[3]: 11
search term: September Arctic sea ice decline Wikipedia Page
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search term: lower resolution models Wikipedia Page
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search term: thermocline Wikipedia Page
A thermocline (also known as the thermal layer or the metalimnion in lakes) is a distinct layer based on temperature within a large body of fluid (e.g. water, as in an ocean or lake; or air, e.g. an atmosphere) with a high gradient of distinct temperature differences associated with depth. In the ocean, the thermocline divides the upper mixed layer from the calm deep water below.[1]
search term: land use change Wikipedia Page
Land change science refers to the interdisciplinary study of changes in climate, land use, and land cover.[1] Land change science specifically seeks to evaluate patterns, processes, and consequences in changes in land use and cover over time. The purpose of land change science is to contribute to existing knowledge of climate change and to the development of sustainable resource management and land use policy. The field is informed by a number of related disciplines, such as remote sensing, landscape ecology, and political ecology, and uses a broad range of methods to evaluate the patterns and processes that underlie land cover change. Land change science addresses land use as a coupled human-environment system to understand the impacts of interconnected environmental and social issues, including deforestation and urbanization.
search term: attribution assessment statements Wikipedia Page
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search term: early spring SCE Wikipedia Page
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search term: reconstructed NAO variations Wikipedia Page
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search term: Earth system Wikipedia Page
Earth system science (ESS) is the application of systems science to the Earth.[1][2][3][4] In particular, it considers interactions and 'feedbacks', through material and energy fluxes, between the Earth's sub-systems' cycles, processes and "spheres"—atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere,[5] geosphere, pedosphere, lithosphere, biosphere,[6] and even the magnetosphere[7]—as well as the impact of human societies on these components.[8] At its broadest scale, Earth system science brings together researchers across both the natural and social sciences, from fields including ecology, economics, geography, geology, glaciology, meteorology, oceanography, climatology, paleontology, sociology, and space science.[9] Like the broader subject of systems science, Earth system science assumes a holistic view of the dynamic interaction between the Earth's spheres and their many constituent subsystems fluxes and processes, the resulting spatial organization and time evolution of these systems, and their variability, stability and instability.[10][11][12] Subsets of Earth System science include systems geology[13][14] and systems ecology,[15] and many aspects of Earth System science are fundamental to the subjects of physical geography[16][17] and climate science.[18]
search term: lower troposphere humidity Wikipedia Page
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search term: Atlantic Ocean salinity Wikipedia Page
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search term: negative phase Wikipedia Page
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search term: Little Ice Age Wikipedia Page
The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of regional cooling, particularly pronounced in the North Atlantic region.[2] It was not a true ice age of global extent.[3] The term was introduced into scientific literature by François E. Matthes in 1939.[4] The period has been conventionally defined as extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries,[5][6][7] but some experts prefer an alternative time-span from about 1300[8] to about 1850.[9][10][11]
search term: evaporative demand Wikipedia Page
Potential evapotranspiration (PET) or potential evaporation (PE) is the amount of water that would be evaporated and transpired by a specific crop, soil or ecosystem if there was sufficient water available. It is a reflection of the energy available to evaporate or transpire water, and of the wind available to transport the water vapor from the ground up into the lower atmosphere and away from the initial location. Potential evapotranspiration is expressed in terms of a depth of water or soil moisture percentage.
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search term: Excessive ITCZ Wikipedia Page
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search term: climate change trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: European temperature Wikipedia Page
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search term: water masses Wikipedia Page
An oceanographic water mass is an identifiable body of water with a common formation history which has physical properties distinct from surrounding water. Properties include temperature, salinity, chemical - isotopic ratios, and other physical quantities which are conservative flow tracers. Water mass is also identified by its non-conservative flow tracers such as silicate, nitrate, oxygen, and phosphate.
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Domination or dominant may refer to:
search term: Agreement Wikipedia Page
Agreement may refer to:
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search term: permafrost thaw Wikipedia Page
Permafrost (from perma- 'permanent' and frost) is soil or underwater sediment which continuously remains below 0 °C (32 °F) for two years or more: the oldest permafrost had been continuously frozen for around 700,000 years.[1] Whilst the shallowest permafrost has a vertical extent of below a meter (3 ft), the deepest is greater than 1,500 m (4,900 ft).[2] Similarly, the area of individual permafrost zones may be limited to narrow mountain summits or extend across vast Arctic regions.[3] The ground beneath glaciers and ice sheets is not usually defined as permafrost, so on land, permafrost is generally located beneath a so-called active layer of soil which freezes and thaws depending on the season.[4]
search term: global ocean Wikipedia Page
The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of Earth.[8] In English, the term ocean also refers to any of the large bodies of water into which the world ocean is conventionally divided.[9] The following names describe five different areas of the ocean: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic/Southern, and Arctic.[10][11] The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water[8] and is the primary component of Earth's hydrosphere and is thereby essential to life on Earth. The ocean influences climate and weather patterns, the carbon cycle, and the water cycle by acting as a huge heat reservoir.
search term: ENSO Metrics Package Wikipedia Page
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search term: integrative measures Wikipedia Page
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search term: seasonal timing Wikipedia Page
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search term: Nature geoscience Wikipedia Page
Nature Geoscience is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Nature Publishing Group. The Chief Editor is Tamara Goldin, who took over from Heike Langenberg in February 2020. It was established in January 2008.
search term: subtropical upwelling regions Wikipedia Page
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search term: Southern Hemisphere climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: Dipole activity Wikipedia Page
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search term: polar amplification Wikipedia Page
Polar amplification is the phenomenon that any change in the net radiation balance (for example greenhouse intensification) tends to produce a larger change in temperature near the poles than in the planetary average.[1] This is commonly referred to as the ratio of polar warming to tropical warming. On a planet with an atmosphere that can restrict emission of longwave radiation to space (a greenhouse effect), surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict. Where the atmosphere or an extensive ocean is able to transport heat polewards, the poles will be warmer and equatorial regions cooler than their local net radiation balances would predict.[2] The poles will experience the most cooling when the global-mean temperature is lower relative to a reference climate; alternatively, the poles will experience the greatest warming when the global-mean temperature is higher.[1]
search term: weather extremes Wikipedia Page
Extreme weather includes unexpected, unusual, severe, or unseasonal weather; weather at the extremes of the historical distribution—the range that has been seen in the past.[1][2][3] Extreme events are based on a location's recorded weather history. They are defined as lying in the most unusual ten percent (10th or 90th percentile of a probability density function).[2] The main types of extreme weather include heat waves, cold waves and heavy precipitation or storm events, such as tropical cyclones. The effects of extreme weather events are economic costs, loss of human lives, droughts, floods, landslides. Severe weather is a particular type of extreme weather which poses risks to life and property.
search term: redistribution Wikipedia Page
Redistribuition may refer to:
search term: annual precipitation anomalies Wikipedia Page
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search term: centred pattern correlations Wikipedia Page
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search term: snow extent Wikipedia Page
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search term: AMIP simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: coincident changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: snow water equivalent Wikipedia Page
Snow science addresses how snow forms, its distribution, and processes affecting how snowpacks change over time. Scientists improve storm forecasting, study global snow cover and its effect on climate, glaciers, and water supplies around the world. The study includes physical properties of the material as it changes, bulk properties of in-place snow packs, and the aggregate properties of regions with snow cover. In doing so, they employ on-the-ground physical measurement techniques to establish ground truth and remote sensing techniques to develop understanding of snow-related processes over large areas.[1]
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search term: HighResMIP Simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: Trends Wikipedia Page
A fad, trend, or craze is any form of collective behavior that develops within a culture, a generation or social group in which a group of people enthusiastically follow an impulse for a short time period.
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search term: photosynthesis Wikipedia Page
Photosynthesis (/ˌfoʊtəˈsɪnθəsɪs/ FOH-tə-SINTH-ə-sis)[1] is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism. Photosynthesis usually refers to oxygenic photosynthesis, a process that produces oxygen. Photosynthetic organisms store the chemical energy so produced within intracellular organic compounds (compounds containing carbon) like sugars, glycogen, cellulose and starches. To use this stored chemical energy, an organism's cells metabolize the organic compounds through cellular respiration. Photosynthesis plays a critical role in producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, and it supplies most of the biological energy necessary for complex life on Earth.[2]
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search term: Global Mean Surface Temperature Wikipedia Page
Global surface temperature (GST) is the average temperature of Earth's surface. More precisely, it is the weighted average of the temperatures over the ocean and land. The former is also called sea surface temperature and the latter is called surface air temperature. Temperature data comes mainly from weather stations and satellites. To estimate data in the distant past, proxy data can be used for example from tree rings, corals, and ice cores.[1] Observing the rising GST over time is one of the many lines of evidence supporting the scientific consensus on climate change, which is that human activities are causing climate change. Alternative terms for the same thing are global mean surface temperature (GMST) or global average surface temperature.
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search term: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation Wikipedia Page
The Interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) is an oceanographic/meteorological phenomenon similar to the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), but occurring in a wider area of the Pacific. While the PDO occurs in mid-latitudes of the Pacific Ocean in the northern hemisphere, the IPO stretches from the southern hemisphere into the northern hemisphere.
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search term: Wintertime Wikipedia Page
Winter is the coldest and darkest season of the year in polar and temperate climates. It occurs after autumn and before spring. The tilt of Earth's axis causes seasons; winter occurs when a hemisphere is oriented away from the Sun. Different cultures define different dates as the start of winter, and some use a definition based on weather.
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search term: eruptions Wikipedia Page
Several types of volcanic eruptions—during which material is expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure—have been distinguished by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of behavior has been observed. Some volcanoes may exhibit only one characteristic type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may display an entire sequence of types all in one eruptive series.
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search term: spatial pattern Wikipedia Page
Spatiotemporal patterns are patterns that occur in a wide range of natural phenoma and are characterized by a spatial and temporal patterning. The general rules of pattern formation hold. In contrast to "static", pure spatial patterns, the full complexity of spatiotemporal patterns can only be recognized over time. Any kind of traveling wave is a good example of a spatiotemporal pattern. Besides the shape and amplitude of the wave (spatial part), its time-varying position (and possibly shape) in space is an essential part of the entire pattern.
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search term: confidence intervals Wikipedia Page
Informally, in frequentist statistics, a confidence interval (CI) is an interval which is expected to typically contain the parameter being estimated. More specifically, given a confidence level (95% and 99% are typical values), a CI is a random interval which contains the parameter being estimated % of the time.[1][2] The confidence level, degree of confidence or confidence coefficient represents the long-run proportion of CIs (at the given confidence level) that theoretically contain the true value of the parameter; this is tantamount to the nominal coverage probability. For example, out of all intervals computed at the 95% level, 95% of them should contain the parameter's true value.[3]
search term: Arctic warming Wikipedia Page
Due to climate change in the Arctic, this polar region is expected to become "profoundly different" by 2050.[1]: 2321 The speed of change is "among the highest in the world",[1]: 2321 with the rate of warming being 3-4 times faster than the global average.[2][3][4][5] This warming has already resulted in the profound Arctic sea ice decline, the accelerating melting of the Greenland ice sheet and the thawing of the permafrost landscape.[1]: 2321 [6] These ongoing transformations are expected to be irreversible for centuries or even millennia.[1]: 2321
search term: water vapour Wikipedia Page
Water vapor, water vapour or aqueous vapor is the gaseous phase of water. It is one state of water within the hydrosphere. Water vapor can be produced from the evaporation or boiling of liquid water or from the sublimation of ice. Water vapor is transparent, like most constituents of the atmosphere.[1] Under typical atmospheric conditions, water vapor is continuously generated by evaporation and removed by condensation. It is less dense than most of the other constituents of air and triggers convection currents that can lead to clouds and fog.
search term: observed global warming Wikipedia Page
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search term: external forcing Wikipedia Page
Radiative forcing (or climate forcing[2]) is a concept used in climate science to quantify the change in energy balance in Earth's atmosphere. Various factors contribute to this change in energy balance, such as concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, and changes in surface albedo and solar irradiance. In more technical terms, it is defined as "the change in the net, downward minus upward, radiative flux (expressed in W/m2) due to a change in an external driver of climate change."[3]: 2245 These external drivers are distinguished from feedbacks and variability that are internal to the climate system, and that further influence the direction and magnitude of imbalance. Radiative forcing on Earth is meaningfully evaluated at the tropopause and at the top of the stratosphere. It is quantified in units of watts per square meter, and often summarized as an average over the total surface area of the globe.
search term: PMIP4 protocol Wikipedia Page
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search term: covariance Wikipedia Page
Covariance in probability theory and statistics is a measure of the joint variability of two random variables.[1]
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search term: Lucas Ruiz Wikipedia Page
Lucas Ruiz Alonso (born 7 March 1996) is an Uruguayan footballer who plays for Italian Serie D club Tivoli.
search term: Ocean salinity Wikipedia Page
The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of Earth.[8] In English, the term ocean also refers to any of the large bodies of water into which the world ocean is conventionally divided.[9] The following names describe five different areas of the ocean: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic/Southern, and Arctic.[10][11] The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water[8] and is the primary component of Earth's hydrosphere and is thereby essential to life on Earth. The ocean influences climate and weather patterns, the carbon cycle, and the water cycle by acting as a huge heat reservoir.
search term: Arctic SIE Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ocean Heat Content Change Attribution Wikipedia Page
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search term: Atlantic Ocean Heat Transport Wikipedia Page
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search term: Nature Climate Change Wikipedia Page
Nature Climate Change is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Portfolio covering all aspects of research on global warming, the current climate change, especially its effects. It was established in 2011 as the continuation of Nature Reports Climate Change, itself established in 2007.[1] Its first editor-in-chief was Olive Heffernan and the journal's current editor-in-chief is Bronwyn Wake.[2] According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2021 impact factor of 28.862.[3]
search term: tropospheric temperature changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: eastern Indian Ocean Wikipedia Page
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search term: paleorecords Wikipedia Page
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search term: Antarctic SIA Wikipedia Page
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search term: Interannual variation Wikipedia Page
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search term: observational GMST Wikipedia Page
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search term: Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon Wikipedia Page
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search term: Northern Hemisphere temperature Wikipedia Page
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search term: Global Coupled Models Wikipedia Page
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search term: driving changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP6 LGM simulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Indian Ocean Basin Wikipedia Page
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search term: biennial periodicity Wikipedia Page
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search term: nitrous oxide Wikipedia Page
search term: central equatorial Pacific Wikipedia Page
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search term: Earth System Dynamics Wikipedia Page
Earth System Dynamics is a peer-reviewed[1] open access scientific journal[2] published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.[3] The journal publishes articles describing original research on the geology, climate change, and atmospheric science.[4]
search term: Mesoscale Wikipedia Page
Mesoscale may refer to:
search term: correlation coefficient Wikipedia Page
A correlation coefficient is a numerical measure of some type of linear correlation, meaning a statistical relationship between two variables.[a] The variables may be two columns of a given data set of observations, often called a sample, or two components of a multivariate random variable with a known distribution.[citation needed]
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search term: Southern ocean sector Wikipedia Page
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search term: Antarctic Sea Ice Extent Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ice sheet contributions Wikipedia Page
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search term: downwelling branch Wikipedia Page
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search term: Arctic sea ice response Wikipedia Page
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search term: circulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Red Sea Wikipedia Page
The Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the Bab-el-Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To its north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez—leading to the Suez Canal. It is underlain by the Red Sea Rift, which is part of the Great Rift Valley.
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search term: Duration Wikipedia Page
Duration may refer to:
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search term: observations Wikipedia Page
Observation in the natural sciences[1] is an act or instance of noticing or perceiving [2] and the acquisition of information from a primary source. In living beings, observation employs the senses. In science, observation can also involve the perception and recording of data via the use of scientific instruments. The term may also refer to any data collected during the scientific activity. Observations can be qualitative, that is, the absence or presence of a property is noted and the observed phenomenon described, or quantitative if a numerical value is attached to the observed phenomenon by counting or measuring.
search term: temperature variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: bacteria Wikipedia Page
Bacteria (/bækˈtɪəriə/ ; sg.: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria play a vital role in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients and the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in mutualistic, commensal and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised and there are many species that cannot be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.
search term: Observed ocean heat Wikipedia Page
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search term: Holocene global mean surface temperature Wikipedia Page
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search term: tropical Atlantic Wikipedia Page
The Tropical Atlantic realm is one of twelve marine realms that cover the world's coastal seas and continental shelves.
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search term: Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model Wikipedia Page
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search term: Geneva Wikipedia Page
Geneva (/dʒəˈniːvə/ jə-NEE-və;[5] Arpitan: [dzəˈnɛva] ; French: Genève [ʒənɛv] )[note 1] is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and the most populous in the French-speaking Romandy. Situated in the southwest of the country, where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva, it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva, and a centre for international diplomacy. Geneva hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world.[6]
search term: Morocco Wikipedia Page
Morocco,[d] officially the Kingdom of Morocco,[e] is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to the east, and the disputed territory of Western Sahara to the south. Morocco also claims the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta, Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, and several small Spanish-controlled islands off its coast.[18] It has a population of approximately 37 million. Islam is both the official and predominant religion, while Arabic and Berber are the official languages. Additionally, French and the Moroccan dialect of Arabic are widely spoken. The culture of Morocco is a mix of Arab, Berber, African and European cultures. Its capital is Rabat, while its largest city is Casablanca.[19]
search term: quantifiable Wikipedia Page
Quantity or amount is a property that can exist as a multitude or magnitude, which illustrate discontinuity and continuity. Quantities can be compared in terms of "more", "less", or "equal", or by assigning a numerical value multiple of a unit of measurement. Mass, time, distance, heat, and angle are among the familiar examples of quantitative properties.
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search term: crop Wikipedia Page
A crop is a plant that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence.[1] In other words, a crop is a plant or plant product that is grown for a specific purpose such as food, fibre, or fuel.
search term: mesoscale eddies Wikipedia Page
In fluid dynamics, an eddy is the swirling of a fluid and the reverse current created when the fluid is in a turbulent flow regime.[2] The moving fluid creates a space devoid of downstream-flowing fluid on the downstream side of the object. Fluid behind the obstacle flows into the void creating a swirl of fluid on each edge of the obstacle, followed by a short reverse flow of fluid behind the obstacle flowing upstream, toward the back of the obstacle. This phenomenon is naturally observed behind large emergent rocks in swift-flowing rivers.
search term: Compensatory water effects Wikipedia Page
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search term: micronutrients Wikipedia Page
Micronutrients are essential dietary elements required by organisms in varying quantities to regulate physiological functions of cells and organs.[1][2] Micronutrients support the health of organisms throughout life.[3][4][5]
search term: Albedo Radiative Forcing Wikipedia Page
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search term: Polar Regions Wikipedia Page
The polar regions, also called the frigid zones or polar zones, of Earth are Earth's polar ice caps, the regions of the planet that surround its geographical poles (the North and South Poles), lying within the polar circles. These high latitudes are dominated by floating sea ice covering much of the Arctic Ocean in the north, and by the Antarctic ice sheet on the continent of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the south.
search term: Oceanography Wikipedia Page
Oceanography (from Ancient Greek ὠκεανός (ōkeanós) 'ocean' and γραφή (graphḗ) 'writing'), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science, is the scientific study of the ocean, including its physics, chemistry, biology, and geology.
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search term: Earth Wikipedia Page
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering 70.8% of Earth's crust. The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, most of which is located in the form of continental landmasses within Earth's land hemisphere. Most of Earth's land is somewhat humid and covered by vegetation, while large sheets of ice at Earth's polar deserts retain more water than Earth's groundwater, lakes, rivers and atmospheric water combined. Earth's crust consists of slowly moving tectonic plates, which interact to produce mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Earth has a liquid outer core that generates a magnetosphere capable of deflecting most of the destructive solar winds and cosmic radiation.
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search term: North Atlantic Multidecadal Variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Hadley Cell Wikipedia Page
The Hadley cell, also known as the Hadley circulation, is a global-scale tropical atmospheric circulation that features air rising near the equator, flowing poleward near the tropopause at a height of 12–15 km (7.5–9.3 mi) above the Earth's surface, cooling and descending in the subtropics at around 25 degrees latitude, and then returning equatorward near the surface. It is a thermally direct circulation within the troposphere that emerges due to differences in insolation and heating between the tropics and the subtropics. On a yearly average, the circulation is characterized by a circulation cell on each side of the equator. The Southern Hemisphere Hadley cell is slightly stronger on average than its northern counterpart, extending slightly beyond the equator into the Northern Hemisphere. During the summer and winter months, the Hadley circulation is dominated by a single, cross-equatorial cell with air rising in the summer hemisphere and sinking in the winter hemisphere. Analogous circulations may occur in extraterrestrial atmospheres, such as on Venus and Mars.
search term: Greenland Ice Wikipedia Page
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search term: emission scenario Wikipedia Page
A climate change scenario is a hypothetical future based on a "set of key driving forces".[1]: 1812 Scenarios explore the long-term effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation.[2] Scenarios help to understand what the future may hold. They can show which decisions will have the most meaningful effects on mitigation and adaptation.
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search term: partial pressure Wikipedia Page
In a mixture of gases, each constituent gas has a partial pressure which is the notional pressure of that constituent gas as if it alone occupied the entire volume of the original mixture at the same temperature.[1] The total pressure of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture (Dalton's Law).
search term: internal climate variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: reference period Wikipedia Page
In economics, a base period or reference period is a point in time used as a reference point for comparison with other periods.[1][2] It is generally used as a benchmark for measuring financial or economic data.[3] Base periods typically provide a point of reference for economic studies, consumer demand, and unemployment benefit claims.
search term: Alternative techniques Wikipedia Page
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search term: Arctic Wikipedia Page
The Arctic (/ˈɑːrktɪk/ or /ˈɑːrtɪk/)[1][Note 1] (from Greek ἄρκτος, 'bear') is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic region, from the IERS Reference Meridian travelling east, consists of parts of northern Norway (Nordland, Troms, Finnmark, Svalbard and Jan Mayen), northernmost Sweden (Västerbotten, Norrbotten and Lappland), northern Finland (North Ostrobothnia, Kainuu and Lappi), Russia (Murmansk, Siberia, Nenets Okrug, Novaya Zemlya), the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm (Greenland), and northern Iceland (Grímsey and Kolbeinsey), along with the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas. Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost under the tundra. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places.
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search term: Statistical Learning Wikipedia Page
Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data, and thus perform tasks without explicit instructions.[1] Advances in the field of deep learning have allowed neural networks to surpass many previous approaches in performance.[2]
search term: Climate responses Wikipedia Page
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search term: tropospheric temperature trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: blue lines Wikipedia Page
Blue Lines is the debut studio album by English electronic music group Massive Attack,[a] released on 8 April 1991 by Wild Bunch and Virgin Records.[1] The recording was led by members Grantley "Daddy G" Marshall, Robert "3D" Del Naja, Adrian "Tricky" Thaws, and Andrew "Mushroom" Vowles, with co-production by Jonny Dollar. It also features contributions by singers Shara Nelson and Horace Andy. Generally regarded as the first "trip hop" album, Blue Lines blended elements of hip hop (such as breakbeats, sampling, and rapping) with dub, soul, reggae, and electronic music.
search term: CMIP5 palae Wikipedia Page
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search term: historical Wikipedia Page
History (derived from Ancient Greek ἱστορία (historía) 'inquiry; knowledge acquired by investigation')[1] is the systematic study and documentation of the human past.[2][3] History is an academic discipline which uses a narrative to describe, examine, question, and analyze past events, and investigate their patterns of cause and effect.[4][5] Historians debate which narrative best explains an event, as well as the significance of different causes and effects. Historians debate the nature of history as an end in itself, and its usefulness in giving perspective on the problems of the present.[4][6][7][8]
search term: summer productivity Wikipedia Page
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search term: standard deviation Wikipedia Page
In statistics, the standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation of the values of a variable about its mean.[1] A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be close to the mean (also called the expected value) of the set, while a high standard deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range. The standard deviation is commonly used in the determination of what constitutes an outlier and what does not.
search term: moderate rainfall Wikipedia Page
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search term: Weddell Sea Wikipedia Page
The Weddell Sea is part of the Southern Ocean and contains the Weddell Gyre. Its land boundaries are defined by the bay formed from the coasts of Coats Land and the Antarctic Peninsula. The easternmost point is Cape Norvegia at Princess Martha Coast, Queen Maud Land. To the east of Cape Norvegia is the King Haakon VII Sea. Much of the southern part of the sea is covered by a permanent, massive ice shelf field, the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf.
search term: fingerprint analysis Wikipedia Page
A fingerprint is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger. The recovery of partial fingerprints from a crime scene is an important method of forensic science. Moisture and grease on a finger result in fingerprints on surfaces such as glass or metal. Deliberate impressions of entire fingerprints can be obtained by ink or other substances transferred from the peaks of friction ridges on the skin to a smooth surface such as paper. Fingerprint records normally contain impressions from the pad on the last joint of fingers and thumbs, though fingerprint cards also typically record portions of lower joint areas of the fingers.
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search term: ocean salinity Wikipedia Page
The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of Earth.[8] In English, the term ocean also refers to any of the large bodies of water into which the world ocean is conventionally divided.[9] The following names describe five different areas of the ocean: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic/Southern, and Arctic.[10][11] The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water[8] and is the primary component of Earth's hydrosphere and is thereby essential to life on Earth. The ocean influences climate and weather patterns, the carbon cycle, and the water cycle by acting as a huge heat reservoir.
search term: driving ocean temperatures Wikipedia Page
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search term: High Resolution Model Intercomparison Wikipedia Page
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search term: accurate ocean simulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: SST anomaly Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean surface Wikipedia Page
The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the boundary interface between the atmosphere and ocean, covering about 70% of Earth's surface. With an operationally defined thickness between 1 and 1,000 μm (1.0 mm), the SML has physicochemical and biological properties that are measurably distinct from underlying waters. Recent studies now indicate that the SML covers the ocean to a significant extent, and evidence shows that it is an aggregate-enriched biofilm environment with distinct microbial communities. Because of its unique position at the air-sea interface, the SML is central to a range of global marine biogeochemical and climate-related processes.[1]
search term: temporal Wikipedia Page
Temporal may refer to:
search term: warming ranges Wikipedia Page
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search term: mean precipitation Wikipedia Page
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search term: regional aspects Wikipedia Page
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search term: Natural variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: cell extent Wikipedia Page
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search term: carbon uptake Wikipedia Page
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search term: Pliocene Wikipedia Page
The Pliocene ( /ˈplaɪ.əsiːn, ˈplaɪ.oʊ-/ PLY-ə-seen, PLY-oh-;[6][7] also Pleiocene)[8] is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.33 to 2.58[9] million years ago (Ma). It is the second and most recent epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch. Prior to the 2009 revision of the geologic time scale, which placed the four most recent major glaciations entirely within the Pleistocene, the Pliocene also included the Gelasian Stage, which lasted from 2.59 to 1.81 Ma, and is now included in the Pleistocene.[10]
search term: Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon circulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: cold extremes Wikipedia Page
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search term: quality mitigation Wikipedia Page
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search term: multimodel ensemble Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean basin Wikipedia Page
In hydrology, an oceanic basin (or ocean basin) is anywhere on Earth that is covered by seawater. Geologically, most of the ocean basins are large geologic basins that are below sea level.
search term: signal time series Wikipedia Page
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search term: ice thickness Wikipedia Page
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search term: Agreement climate targets Wikipedia Page
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search term: Seasonal Forecasts Wikipedia Page
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search term: shortwave cloud Wikipedia Page
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search term: remote climate influences Wikipedia Page
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search term: Tropical Teleconnections Wikipedia Page
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search term: multidecadal variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Western North America Wikipedia Page
Western North America is the western edge of the North American continent that borders the Pacific Ocean. It consists of Alaska at the farthest north, down through the western Canadian province of British Columbia, the western U.S. states of Washington, Oregon, and California, and then Mexico farthest south. The region consists of one long continuous mountain range formed over the last 350 million years through the movement of tectonic plates, as the large Pacific Plate submerged under the North American Plate through the process called subduction.[1]
search term: hydrological proxy data Wikipedia Page
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search term: atmospheric circulation change Wikipedia Page
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search term: Nonlinear Atmospheric Response Wikipedia Page
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search term: night marine air temperature Wikipedia Page
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search term: ENSO characteristics Wikipedia Page
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search term: individual model Wikipedia Page
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search term: subarctic Atlantic basins Wikipedia Page
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search term: Pacific climate change Wikipedia Page
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search term: volcanoes Wikipedia Page
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. The process that forms volcanoes is called volcanism.
search term: tropical mean Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP5 forcings Wikipedia Page
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search term: stratospheric cooling Wikipedia Page
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search term: radial distance Wikipedia Page
Radial distance, typically denoted r or ρ (rho), is the distance from the origin to a point along the radial dimension in a:
search term: precipitation changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: coupling Wikipedia Page
A coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for the purpose of transmitting power. The primary purpose of couplings is to join two pieces of rotating equipment while permitting some degree of misalignment or end movement or both. In a more general context, a coupling can also be a mechanical device that serves to connect the ends of adjacent parts or objects.[1] Couplings do not normally allow disconnection of shafts during operation, however there are torque-limiting couplings which can slip or disconnect when some torque limit is exceeded. Selection, installation and maintenance of couplings can lead to reduced maintenance time and maintenance cost.
search term: Arctic Sea Ice Wikipedia Page
The Arctic ice pack is the sea ice cover of the Arctic Ocean and its vicinity. The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter. Summer ice cover in the Arctic is about 50% of winter cover.[1] Some of the ice survives from one year to the next. Currently, 28% of Arctic basin sea ice is multi-year ice,[2] thicker than seasonal ice: up to 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft) thick over large areas, with ridges up to 20 m (65.6 ft) thick. Besides the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades as well.
search term: simulation initialization Wikipedia Page
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search term: biogeochemical processes Wikipedia Page
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search term: SSW frequency Wikipedia Page
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search term: global mean surface Wikipedia Page
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search term: systematic bias Wikipedia Page
Observational error (or measurement error) is the difference between a measured value of a quantity and its unknown true value.[1] Such errors are inherent in the measurement process; for example lengths measured with a ruler calibrated in whole centimeters will have a measurement error of several millimeters. The error or uncertainty of a measurement can be estimated, and is specified with the measurement as, for example, 32.3 ± 0.5 cm. (A mistake or blunder in the measurement process will give an incorrect value, rather than one subject to known measurement error.)
search term: climatological seasonal cycle Wikipedia Page
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search term: Inhomogeneity Wikipedia Page
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search term: natural processes Wikipedia Page
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search term: solid lines Wikipedia Page
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search term: black bounding box Wikipedia Page
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search term: solar cycle Wikipedia Page
The solar cycle, also known as the solar magnetic activity cycle, sunspot cycle, or Schwabe cycle, is a nearly periodic 11-year change in the Sun's activity measured in terms of variations in the number of observed sunspots on the Sun's surface. Over the period of a solar cycle, levels of solar radiation and ejection of solar material, the number and size of sunspots, solar flares, and coronal loops all exhibit a synchronized fluctuation from a period of minimum activity to a period of a maximum activity back to a period of minimum activity.
search term: Multidecadal Oceanic Modes Wikipedia Page
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search term: tropical trade winds Wikipedia Page
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search term: tropical ocean Wikipedia Page
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search term: temporal resolution Wikipedia Page
Temporal resolution (TR) refers to the discrete resolution of a measurement with respect to time.
search term: ocean variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Amundsen Sea Wikipedia Page
The Amundsen Sea is an arm of the Southern Ocean off Marie Byrd Land in western Antarctica. It lies between Cape Flying Fish (the northwestern tip of Thurston Island) to the east and Cape Dart on Siple Island to the west. Cape Flying Fish marks the boundary between the Amundsen Sea and the Bellingshausen Sea. West of Cape Dart there is no named marginal sea of the Southern Ocean between the Amundsen and Ross Seas. The Norwegian expedition of 1928–1929 under Captain Nils Larsen named the body of water for the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen while exploring this area in February 1929.[1]
search term: observational record Wikipedia Page
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search term: CNRM Earth System Model Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ensemble Project Wikipedia Page
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search term: forced change Wikipedia Page
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search term: abrupt warming Wikipedia Page
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search term: short record Wikipedia Page
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search term: WOA18 climatology Wikipedia Page
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search term: Greenland Ice Sheet mass loss Wikipedia Page
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search term: zonal mean SST error Wikipedia Page
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search term: zonal average annual mean precipitation Wikipedia Page
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search term: AWI Climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: atmospheric temperature Wikipedia Page
Atmospheric temperature is a measure of temperature at different levels of the Earth's atmosphere. It is governed by many factors, including incoming solar radiation, humidity, and altitude. The abbreviation MAAT is often used for Mean Annual Air Temperature of a geographical location.
search term: Tropical water cycle Wikipedia Page
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search term: pacific decadal oscillation indices Wikipedia Page
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search term: finite difference Wikipedia Page
A finite difference is a mathematical expression of the form f (x + b) − f (x + a). If a finite difference is divided by b − a, one gets a difference quotient. The approximation of derivatives by finite differences plays a central role in finite difference methods for the numerical solution of differential equations, especially boundary value problems.
search term: ocean temperature Wikipedia Page
The ocean temperature plays a crucial role in the global climate system, ocean currents and for marine habitats. It varies depending on depth, geographical location and season. Not only does the temperature differ in seawater, so does the salinity. Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters.[1] In polar regions, the upper layers of ocean water are cold and fresh.[2] Deep ocean water is cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans. This water has a uniform temperature of around 0-3 °C.[3] The ocean temperature also depends on the amount of solar radiation falling on its surface. In the tropics, with the Sun nearly overhead, the temperature of the surface layers can rise to over 30 °C (86 °F). Near the poles the temperature in equilibrium with the sea ice is about −2 °C (28 °F).
search term: austral summer Wikipedia Page
Summer is the hottest and brightest of the four temperate seasons, occurring after spring and before autumn. At or centred on the summer solstice, daylight hours are the longest and darkness hours are the shortest, with day length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice. The earliest sunrises and latest sunsets also occur near the date of the solstice. The date of the beginning of summer varies according to climate, tradition, and culture. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa.
search term: global surface warming hiatus Wikipedia Page
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search term: sea level rise Wikipedia Page
Between 1901 and 2018, the average sea level rose by 15–25 cm (6–10 in), with an increase of 2.3 mm (0.091 in) per year since the 1970s.[3]: 1216 This was faster than the sea level had ever risen over at least the past 3,000 years.[3]: 1216 The rate accelerated to 4.62 mm (0.182 in)/yr for the decade 2013–2022.[4] Climate change due to human activities is the main cause.[5]: 5, 8 Between 1993 and 2018, melting ice sheets and glaciers accounted for 44% of sea level rise, with another 42% resulting from thermal expansion of water.[6]: 1576
search term: Increased greenhouse Wikipedia Page
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search term: Royal Meteorological Society Wikipedia Page
The Royal Meteorological Society is a long-established institution that promotes academic and public engagement in weather and climate science. Fellows of the Society must possess relevant qualifications, but Associate Fellows can be lay enthusiasts. Its Quarterly Journal is one of the world's leading sources of original research in the atmospheric sciences. The chief executive officer is Liz Bentley.
search term: Multiscale Interactions Wikipedia Page
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search term: qualitative Wikipedia Page
Qualitative descriptions or distinctions are based on some quality or characteristic rather than on some quantity or measured value.
search term: climate change detection Wikipedia Page
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search term: equatorial zonal SST Wikipedia Page
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search term: precipitation anomalies Wikipedia Page
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search term: atmospheric internal variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: climate sensitivity Wikipedia Page
Climate sensitivity is a key measure in climate science and describes how much Earth's surface will warm for a doubling in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration.[1][2] Its formal definition is: "The change in the surface temperature in response to a change in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration or other radiative forcing."[3]: 2223 This concept helps scientists understand the extent and magnitude of the effects of climate change.
search term: AGCM Wikipedia Page
A general circulation model (GCM) is a type of climate model. It employs a mathematical model of the general circulation of a planetary atmosphere or ocean. It uses the Navier–Stokes equations on a rotating sphere with thermodynamic terms for various energy sources (radiation, latent heat). These equations are the basis for computer programs used to simulate the Earth's atmosphere or oceans. Atmospheric and oceanic GCMs (AGCM and OGCM) are key components along with sea ice and land-surface components.
search term: Green Sahara Wikipedia Page
The African humid period (AHP; also known by other names) is a climate period in Africa during the late Pleistocene and Holocene geologic epochs, when northern Africa was wetter than today. The covering of much of the Sahara desert by grasses, trees and lakes was caused by changes in the Earth's axial tilt; changes in vegetation and dust in the Sahara which strengthened the African monsoon; and increased greenhouse gases. During the preceding Last Glacial Maximum, the Sahara contained extensive dune fields and was mostly uninhabited. It was much larger than today, and its lakes and rivers such as Lake Victoria and the White Nile were either dry or at low levels. The humid period began about 14,600–14,500 years ago at the end of Heinrich event 1, simultaneously to the Bølling–Allerød warming. Rivers and lakes such as Lake Chad formed or expanded, glaciers grew on Mount Kilimanjaro and the Sahara retreated. Two major dry fluctuations occurred; during the Younger Dryas and the short 8.2 kiloyear event. The African humid period ended 6,000–5,000 years ago during the Piora Oscillation cold period. While some evidence points to an end 5,500 years ago, in the Sahel, Arabia and East Africa, the end of the period appears to have taken place in several steps, such as the 4.2-kiloyear event.
search term: Australia Wikipedia Page
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia,[17] is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands.[18] Australia has a total area of 7,688,287 km2 (2,968,464 sq mi), making it the sixth-largest country in the world and the largest country by area in Oceania. It is the world's oldest,[19] flattest,[20] and driest inhabited continent,[21][22] with some of the least fertile soils.[23][24] It is a megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates including deserts in the interior and tropical rainforests along the coast.
search term: CMIP5 Wikipedia Page
In climatology, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) is a collaborative framework designed to improve knowledge of climate change. It was organized in 1995 by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). It is developed in phases to foster the climate model improvements but also to support national and international assessments of climate change. A related project is the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) for global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (GCMs).
search term: decadal warming Wikipedia Page
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search term: AMOC strength Wikipedia Page
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search term: spatial incompleteness Wikipedia Page
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search term: cooling trend Wikipedia Page
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search term: Multiple stressors Wikipedia Page
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search term: basal meltwater Wikipedia Page
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search term: PMIP simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: salinity trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: halosteric expansion Wikipedia Page
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search term: attribution statement Wikipedia Page
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search term: observational references Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean oxygen Wikipedia Page
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search term: zonal mean precipitation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Unabated planetary warming Wikipedia Page
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search term: Mauna Loa Wikipedia Page
Mauna Loa (/ˌmɔːnə ˈloʊ.ə, ˌmaʊnə -/, Hawaiian: [ˈmɐwnə ˈlowə]; lit. 'Long Mountain'[1]) is one of five volcanoes that form the Island of Hawaii in the U.S. state of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. Mauna Loa is Earth's largest active volcano[1] by both mass and volume. It was historically considered to be the largest volcano on Earth until Tamu Massif was discovered to be larger.[4] Mauna Loa is a shield volcano with relatively gentle slopes, and a volume estimated at 18,000 cubic miles (75,000 km3),[5] although its peak is about 125 feet (38 m) lower than that of its neighbor, Mauna Kea.[6] Lava eruptions from Mauna Loa are silica-poor and very fluid, and tend to be non-explosive.
search term: Pacific modes Wikipedia Page
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search term: Southern Ocean water mass Wikipedia Page
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search term: Error analysis Wikipedia Page
Error analysis can refer to one of the following:
search term: extratropical land surface Wikipedia Page
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search term: observational data coverage Wikipedia Page
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search term: Autocorrelation Wikipedia Page
Autocorrelation, sometimes known as serial correlation in the discrete time case, is the correlation of a signal with a delayed copy of itself as a function of delay. Informally, it is the similarity between observations of a random variable as a function of the time lag between them. The analysis of autocorrelation is a mathematical tool for finding repeating patterns, such as the presence of a periodic signal obscured by noise, or identifying the missing fundamental frequency in a signal implied by its harmonic frequencies. It is often used in signal processing for analyzing functions or series of values, such as time domain signals.
search term: climatological average Wikipedia Page
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search term: Interhemispheric SST Contrast Wikipedia Page
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search term: Last Glacial Maximum ocean Wikipedia Page
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search term: Atlantic overturning circulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: gyre adjustments Wikipedia Page
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search term: linear AMOC trends Wikipedia Page
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In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution.[3][4] Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices add to greenhouse gases.[5] These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, has grown by about 50% and is at levels unseen for millions of years.[6]
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Sea ice decline refers to the melting of sea ice in the polar regions:
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Winter is the coldest and darkest season of the year in polar and temperate climates. It occurs after autumn and before spring. The tilt of Earth's axis causes seasons; winter occurs when a hemisphere is oriented away from the Sun. Different cultures define different dates as the start of winter, and some use a definition based on weather.
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Tropical climate is the first of the five major climate groups in the Köppen climate classification identified with the letter A. Tropical climates are defined by a monthly average temperature of 18 °C (64 °F) or higher in the coolest month, featuring hot temperatures and high humidity all year-round. Annual precipitation is often abundant in tropical climates, and shows a seasonal rhythm but may have seasonal dryness to varying degrees. There are normally only two seasons in tropical climates, a wet (rainy/monsoon) season and a dry season. The annual temperature range in tropical climates is normally very small. Sunlight is intense in these climates.
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search term: Iberian Peninsula Wikipedia Page
The Iberian Peninsula (IPA: /aɪˈbɪəriən/),[a] also known as Iberia,[b] is a peninsula in south-western Europe. Separated from the rest of the European landmass by the Pyrenees, it includes the territories of Peninsular Spain[c] and Continental Portugal, comprising most of the region, as well as the tiny adjuncts of Andorra, the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar, and, pursuant to the traditional definition of the Pyrenees as the peninsula's northeastern boundary, a small part of France.[1] With an area of approximately 583,254 square kilometres (225,196 sq mi),[2] and a population of roughly 53 million,[3] it is the second-largest European peninsula by area, after the Scandinavian Peninsula.
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Historiography is the study of the methods used by historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension, the term historiography is any body of historical work on a particular subject. The historiography of a specific topic covers how historians have studied that topic by using particular sources, techniques of research, and theoretical approaches to the interpretation of documentary sources. Scholars discuss historiography by topic—such as the historiography of the United Kingdom, of WWII, of the pre-Columbian Americas, of early Islam, and of China—and different approaches to the work and the genres of history, such as political history and social history. Beginning in the nineteenth century, the development of academic history produced a great corpus of historiographic literature. The extent to which historians are influenced by their own groups and loyalties—such as to their nation state—remains a debated question.[1][2]
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The Western United States (also called the American West, the Western States, the Far West, the Western territories, and the West) is one of the four census regions defined by the United States Census Bureau.
search term: low pass filter Wikipedia Page
A low-pass filter is a filter that passes signals with a frequency lower than a selected cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. The exact frequency response of the filter depends on the filter design. The filter is sometimes called a high-cut filter, or treble-cut filter in audio applications. A low-pass filter is the complement of a high-pass filter.
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In wireless communication, spatial correlation is the correlation between a signal's spatial direction and the average received signal gain. Theoretically, the performance of wireless communication systems can be improved by having multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver. The idea is that if the propagation channels between each pair of transmit and receive antennas are statistically independent and identically distributed, then multiple independent channels with identical characteristics can be created by precoding and be used for either transmitting multiple data streams or increasing the reliability (in terms of bit error rate). In practice, the channels between different antennas are often correlated and therefore the potential multi antenna gains may not always be obtainable.
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A spatial distribution in statistics is the arrangement of a phenomenon across the Earth's surface and a graphical display of such an arrangement is an important tool in geographical and environmental statistics.[1] A graphical display of a spatial distribution may summarize raw data directly or may reflect the outcome of a more sophisticated data analysis. Many different aspects of a phenomenon can be shown in a single graphical display by using a suitable choice of different colours to represent differences.
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A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in applied mathematics and in the natural sciences (such as physics, biology, earth science, chemistry) and engineering disciplines (such as computer science, electrical engineering), as well as in non-physical systems such as the social sciences[1] (such as economics, psychology, sociology, political science). It can also be taught as a subject in its own right.[2]
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East Africa, also known as Eastern Africa or the East of Africa, is a region at the eastern edge of the African continent, distinguished by its geographical, historical, and cultural landscape. Defined in varying scopes, the region is recognized in the United Nations Statistics Division scheme as encompassing 18 sovereign states and 4 territories.[1]
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The Community Climate System Model (CCSM) is a coupled general circulation model (GCM) developed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) with funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Department of Energy (DoE), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).[1] The coupled components include an atmospheric model (Community Atmosphere Model), a land-surface model (Community Land Model), an ocean model (Parallel Ocean Program), and a sea ice model (Community Sea Ice Model, CICE).[2] CCSM is maintained by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR).
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Mean sea level (MSL, often shortened to sea level) is an average surface level of one or more among Earth's coastal bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured. The global MSL is a type of vertical datum – a standardised geodetic datum – that is used, for example, as a chart datum in cartography and marine navigation, or, in aviation, as the standard sea level at which atmospheric pressure is measured to calibrate altitude and, consequently, aircraft flight levels. A common and relatively straightforward mean sea-level standard is instead a long-term average of tide gauge readings at a particular reference location.[1]
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Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol N and atomic number 7. Nitrogen is a nonmetal and the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table, often called the pnictogens. It is a common element in the universe, estimated at seventh in total abundance in the Milky Way and the Solar System. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bond to form N2, a colourless and odourless diatomic gas. N2 forms about 78% of Earth's atmosphere, making it the most abundant chemical species in air. Because of the volatility of nitrogen compounds, nitrogen is relatively rare in the solid parts of the Earth.
search term: horizontal resolution Wikipedia Page
Dots per inch (DPI, or dpi[1]) is a measure of spatial printing, video or image scanner dot density, in particular the number of individual dots that can be placed in a line within the span of 1 inch (2.54 cm). Similarly, dots per centimetre (d/cm or dpcm) refers to the number of individual dots that can be placed within a line of 1 centimetre (0.394 in).[2]
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Processing is a free graphics library and integrated development environment (IDE) built for the electronic arts, new media art, and visual design communities with the purpose of teaching non-programmers the fundamentals of computer programming in a visual context.
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The Eastern United States, often abbreviated as simply the East, is a macroregion of the United States located to the east of the Mississippi River.[1] It includes 17–26 states and Washington, D.C., the national capital.
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In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution.[3][4] Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices add to greenhouse gases.[5] These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, has grown by about 50% and is at levels unseen for millions of years.[6]
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Greenland (Greenlandic: Kalaallit Nunaat, pronounced [kalaːɬːit nʉnaːt]; Danish: Grønland, pronounced [ˈkʁɶnˌlænˀ]) is a North American island autonomous territory[14] of the Kingdom of Denmark.[15] It is the larger of two autonomous territories within the Kingdom, the other being the Faroe Islands; the citizens of both territories are full citizens of Denmark. As Greenland is one of the Overseas Countries and Territories of the European Union, citizens of Greenland are European Union citizens.[16] The capital and largest city of Greenland is Nuuk.[16] Greenland lies between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is the world's largest island,[d] and is the location of the northernmost point of land in the world – Kaffeklubben Island off the northern coast is the world's northernmost undisputed point of land, and Cape Morris Jesup on the mainland was thought to be so until the 1960s.
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search term: African monsoon Wikipedia Page
A monsoon (/mɒnˈsuːn/) is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation[1] but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal oscillation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) between its limits to the north and south of the equator. Usually, the term monsoon is used to refer to the rainy phase of a seasonally changing pattern, although technically there is also a dry phase. The term is also sometimes used to describe locally heavy but short-term rains.[2][3]
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search term: climate extremes Wikipedia Page
Extreme weather includes unexpected, unusual, severe, or unseasonal weather; weather at the extremes of the historical distribution—the range that has been seen in the past.[1][2][3] Extreme events are based on a location's recorded weather history. They are defined as lying in the most unusual ten percent (10th or 90th percentile of a probability density function).[2] The main types of extreme weather include heat waves, cold waves and heavy precipitation or storm events, such as tropical cyclones. The effects of extreme weather events are economic costs, loss of human lives, droughts, floods, landslides. Severe weather is a particular type of extreme weather which poses risks to life and property.
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search term: ozone Wikipedia Page
Ozone (/ˈoʊzoʊn/) (or trioxygen) is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O
3. It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope O
2, breaking down in the lower atmosphere to O
2 (dioxygen). Ozone is formed from dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet (UV) light and electrical discharges within the Earth's atmosphere. It is present in very low concentrations throughout the atmosphere, with its highest concentration high in the ozone layer of the stratosphere, which absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
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search term: typhoons Wikipedia Page
A typhoon is a tropical cyclone that develops between 180° and 100°E in the Northern Hemisphere and which produces sustained hurricane-force winds of at least 119 km/h (74 mph).[1] This region is referred to as the Northwestern Pacific Basin,[2] accounting for almost one third of the world's tropical cyclones. The term hurricane refers to a tropical cyclone (again with sustained winds of at least 119 km/h (74 mph)) in the north central and northeast Pacific, and the north Atlantic.[3] In all of the preceding regions, weaker tropical cyclones are called tropical storms. For organizational purposes, the northern Pacific Ocean is divided into three regions: the eastern (North America to 140°W), central (140°W to 180°), and western (180° to 100°E). The Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) for tropical cyclone forecasts is in Japan, with other tropical cyclone warning centres for the northwest Pacific in Hawaii (the Joint Typhoon Warning Center), the Philippines, and Hong Kong. Although the RSMC names each system, the main name list itself is coordinated among 18 countries that have territories threatened by typhoons each year.[4]
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search term: ocean basins Wikipedia Page
In hydrology, an oceanic basin (or ocean basin) is anywhere on Earth that is covered by seawater. Geologically, most of the ocean basins are large geologic basins that are below sea level.
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search term: climatic optimum Wikipedia Page
Thermal Maximum may refer to:
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search term: Nature Climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: Radiosonde Innovation Composite Wikipedia Page
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search term: Atlantic multidecadal oscillation Wikipedia Page
The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), also known as Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV),[1] is the theorized variability of the sea surface temperature (SST) of the North Atlantic Ocean on the timescale of several decades.[2]
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search term: Indian ocean ITCZ Wikipedia Page
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search term: Filtering Wikipedia Page
Filtration is a physical process that separates solid matter and fluid from a mixture.
search term: statistical inference framework Wikipedia Page
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search term: NCAR Climate Variability Diagnostic Package Wikipedia Page
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search term: temporal averaging Wikipedia Page
In statistics, a moving average (rolling average or running average or moving mean[1] or rolling mean) is a calculation to analyze data points by creating a series of averages of different selections of the full data set. Variations include: simple, cumulative, or weighted forms.
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search term: Atlantic Warm Pool Wikipedia Page
The Western Hemisphere Warm Pool (WHWP) is a region of sea surface temperatures (SST) warmer than 28.5 °C that develops west of Central America in the spring, then expands to the tropical waters to the east.
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search term: equilibrium climate sensitivity Wikipedia Page
Climate sensitivity is a key measure in climate science and describes how much Earth's surface will warm for a doubling in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration.[1][2] Its formal definition is: "The change in the surface temperature in response to a change in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration or other radiative forcing."[3]: 2223 This concept helps scientists understand the extent and magnitude of the effects of climate change.
search term: large natural interannual variability Wikipedia Page
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North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.[1]
search term: ensemble Wikipedia Page
Ensemble may refer to:
search term: Tropical Belt Wikipedia Page
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's axial tilt; the width of the tropics (in latitude) is twice the tilt. The tropics are also referred to as the tropical zone and the torrid zone (see geographical zone).
search term: annual precipitation Wikipedia Page
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull.[1] The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, ice pellets, graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor (reaching 100% relative humidity), so that the water condenses and "precipitates" or falls. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation; their water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate, so fog and mist do not fall. (Such a non-precipitating combination is a colloid.) Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated with water vapor: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called showers.[2]
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search term: Antarctic region Wikipedia Page
The Antarctic (/ænˈtɑːrtɪk/ or /ænˈtɑːrktɪk/, American English also /æntˈɑːrtɪk/ or /æntˈɑːrktɪk/; commonly /æˈnɑːrtɪk/)[Note 1] is a polar region around Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole.
search term: Northern Hemisphere spring SCE changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: models Wikipedia Page
A model is an informative representation of an object, person or system. The term originally denoted the plans of a building in late 16th-century English, and derived via French and Italian ultimately from Latin modulus, a measure.[1]
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search term: wind stress Wikipedia Page
In physical oceanography and fluid dynamics, the wind stress is the shear stress exerted by the wind on the surface of large bodies of water – such as oceans, seas, estuaries and lakes. When wind is blowing over a water surface, the wind applies a wind force on the water surface. The wind stress is the component of this wind force that is parallel to the surface per unit area. Also, the wind stress can be described as the flux of horizontal momentum applied by the wind on the water surface. The wind stress causes a deformation of the water body whereby wind waves are generated. Also, the wind stress drives ocean currents and is therefore an important driver of the large-scale ocean circulation.[1] The wind stress is affected by the wind speed, the shape of the wind waves and the atmospheric stratification. It is one of the components of the air–sea interaction, with others being the atmospheric pressure on the water surface, as well as the exchange of energy and mass between the water and the atmosphere.[2]
search term: World Ocean Atlas Wikipedia Page
The World Ocean Atlas (WOA) is a data product of the Ocean Climate Laboratory of the National Centers for Environmental Information (U.S.).[1] The WOA consists of a climatology of fields of in situ ocean properties for the World Ocean. It was first produced in 1994[2] (based on the earlier Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean, 1982[3]), with later editions at roughly four year intervals in 1998, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2018, and 2023.[4]
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search term: rapid response Wikipedia Page
Rapid Response is an EP released by Ted Leo and the Pharmacists on September 15, 2008. The EP was released in response to the treatment of protestors at the 2008 Republican National Convention, which occurred September 1-4, 2008.[1][2] It was available exclusively on the internet, primarily sold through iTunes. At release, proceeds from sales of the album were donated to benefit Democracy Now! and the Minneapolis chapter of Food Not Bombs.[3] The EP contained four songs; the first two tracks were written by Leo, while the second two were covers.
search term: Hemisphere summer monsoon precipitation intensity Wikipedia Page
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Hydrology (from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr) 'water' and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and drainage basin sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is called a hydrologist. Hydrologists are scientists studying earth or environmental science, civil or environmental engineering, and physical geography.[1] Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management.[1]
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In statistics, linear regression is a statistical model that estimates the linear relationship between a scalar response (dependent variable) and one or more explanatory variables (regressor or independent variable). The case of one explanatory variable is called simple linear regression; for more than one, the process is called multiple linear regression.[1] This term is distinct from multivariate linear regression, where multiple correlated dependent variables are predicted, rather than a single scalar variable.[2] If the explanatory variables are measured with error then errors-in-variables models are required, also known as measurement error models.
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Size in general is the magnitude or dimensions of a thing. More specifically, geometrical size (or spatial size) can refer to three geometrical measures: length, area, or volume. Length can be generalized to other linear dimensions (width, height, diameter, perimeter). Size can also be measured in terms of mass, especially when assuming a density range.
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The National Council of Maubere Resistance (Portuguese: Conselho Nacional da Resistência Maubere, or CNRM) was an umbrella organisation of East Timorese individuals and organisations dedicated to resisting the Indonesian occupation of 1975–1999.[1]
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Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to increase in length, area, or volume, changing its size and density, in response to an increase in temperature (usually excluding phase transitions).[1] Substances usually contract with decreasing temperature (thermal contraction), with rare exceptions within limited temperature ranges (negative thermal expansion).
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Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied.[1] It is a multidisciplinary approach of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disciplines. Research is increasingly connected with other areas of study such as climatology.
search term: Performance metrics Wikipedia Page
A performance indicator or key performance indicator (KPI) is a type of performance measurement.[1] KPIs evaluate the success of an organization or of a particular activity (such as projects, programs, products and other initiatives) in which it engages.[2] KPIs provide a focus for strategic and operational improvement, create an analytical basis for decision making and help focus attention on what matters most.[3]
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The Monsoon of South Asia is among several geographically distributed global monsoons. It affects the Indian subcontinent, where it is one of the oldest and most anticipated weather phenomena and an economically important pattern every year from June through September, but it is only partly understood and notoriously difficult to predict. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin, process, strength, variability, distribution, and general vagaries of the monsoon, but understanding and predictability are still evolving.
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Climatology (from Greek κλίμα, klima, "slope"; and -λογία, -logia) or climate science is the scientific study of Earth's climate, typically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of at least 30 years.[1] Climate concerns the atmospheric condition during an extended to indefinite period of time; weather is the condition of the atmosphere during a relative brief period of time. The main topics of research are the study of climate variability, mechanisms of climate changes and modern climate change.[2][3] This topic of study is regarded as part of the atmospheric sciences and a subdivision of physical geography, which is one of the Earth sciences. Climatology includes some aspects of oceanography and biogeochemistry.
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The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of Earth.[8] In English, the term ocean also refers to any of the large bodies of water into which the world ocean is conventionally divided.[9] The following names describe five different areas of the ocean: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic/Southern, and Arctic.[10][11] The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water[8] and is the primary component of Earth's hydrosphere and is thereby essential to life on Earth. The ocean influences climate and weather patterns, the carbon cycle, and the water cycle by acting as a huge heat reservoir.
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A greenhouse is a special structure that is designed to regulate the temperature and humidity of the environment inside. There are different types of greenhouses, but they all have large areas covered with transparent materials that let sunlight pass and block it as heat. The most common materials used in modern greenhouses for walls and roofs are rigid plastic made of polycarbonate, plastic film made of polyethylene, or glass panes.[1] When the inside of a greenhouse is exposed to sunlight, the temperature increases, providing a sheltered environment for plants to grow even in cold weather.
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A general circulation model (GCM) is a type of climate model. It employs a mathematical model of the general circulation of a planetary atmosphere or ocean. It uses the Navier–Stokes equations on a rotating sphere with thermodynamic terms for various energy sources (radiation, latent heat). These equations are the basis for computer programs used to simulate the Earth's atmosphere or oceans. Atmospheric and oceanic GCMs (AGCM and OGCM) are key components along with sea ice and land-surface components.
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Palaeogeography (or paleogeography) is the study of historical geography, generally physical landscapes.[2] Palaeogeography can also include the study of human or cultural environments.[citation needed] When the focus is specifically on landforms, the term paleogeomorphology is sometimes used instead. Paleomagnetism, paleobiogeography, and tectonic history are among its main tools.
search term: deep ocean Wikipedia Page
The deep sea is broadly defined as the ocean depth where light begins to fade, at an approximate depth of 200 m (660 ft) or the point of transition from continental shelves to continental slopes.[1][2] Conditions within the deep sea are a combination of low temperatures, darkness, and high pressure.[3] The deep sea is considered the least explored Earth biome as the extreme conditions make the environment difficult to access and explore.[4]
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Salinity (/səˈlɪnɪti/) is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water, called saline water (see also soil salinity). It is usually measured in g/L or g/kg (grams of salt per liter/kilogram of water; the latter is dimensionless and equal to ‰).
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In probability theory and statistics, a probability distribution is the mathematical function that gives the probabilities of occurrence of possible outcomes for an experiment.[1][2] It is a mathematical description of a random phenomenon in terms of its sample space and the probabilities of events (subsets of the sample space).[3]
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North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.[1]
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The northern region of Europe has several definitions. A restrictive definition may describe northern Europe as being roughly north of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, which is about 54°N, or may be based on other geographical factors such as climate and ecology.
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The Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS) classifies hurricanes—which in the Western Hemisphere are tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical storms—into five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained winds. This measuring system was formerly known as the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale, or SSHS.
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Mean sea level (MSL, often shortened to sea level) is an average surface level of one or more among Earth's coastal bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured. The global MSL is a type of vertical datum – a standardised geodetic datum – that is used, for example, as a chart datum in cartography and marine navigation, or, in aviation, as the standard sea level at which atmospheric pressure is measured to calibrate altitude and, consequently, aircraft flight levels. A common and relatively straightforward mean sea-level standard is instead a long-term average of tide gauge readings at a particular reference location.[1]
search term: percentages Wikipedia Page
In mathematics, a percentage (from Latin per centum 'by a hundred') is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is often denoted using the percent sign (%),[1] although the abbreviations pct., pct, and sometimes pc are also used.[2] A percentage is a dimensionless number (pure number), primarily used for expressing proportions, but percent is nonetheless a unit of measurement in its orthography and usage.[3]
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Sustainable development is an approach to growth and human development that aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.[1][2] The aim is to have a society where living conditions and resources meet human needs without undermining planetary integrity.[3][4] Sustainable development aims to balance the needs of the economy, environment, and social well-being. The Brundtland Report in 1987 helped to make the concept of sustainable development better known.
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The Amazon rainforest,[a] also called Amazon jungle or Amazonia, is a moist broadleaf tropical rainforest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America. This basin encompasses 7,000,000 km2 (2,700,000 sq mi),[2] of which 6,000,000 km2 (2,300,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest.[3] This region includes territory belonging to nine nations and 3,344 indigenous territories.
search term: standard error Wikipedia Page
The standard error (SE)[1] of a statistic (usually an estimate of a parameter) is the standard deviation of its sampling distribution[2] or an estimate of that standard deviation. If the statistic is the sample mean, it is called the standard error of the mean (SEM).[1] The standard error is a key ingredient in producing confidence intervals.[3]
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search term: relative humidity Wikipedia Page
Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor, the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye.[2] Humidity indicates the likelihood for precipitation, dew, or fog to be present.
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Robustness is the property of being strong and healthy in constitution. When it is transposed into a system, it refers to the ability of tolerating perturbations that might affect the system's functional body. In the same line robustness can be defined as "the ability of a system to resist change without adapting its initial stable configuration".[1] "Robustness in the small" refers to situations wherein perturbations are small in magnitude, which considers that the "small" magnitude hypothesis can be difficult to verify because "small" or "large" depends on the specific problem.[citation needed] Conversely, "Robustness in the large problem" refers to situations wherein no assumptions can be made about the magnitude of perturbations, which can either be small or large.[2] It has been discussed that robustness has two dimensions: resistance and avoidance.[3]
search term: Royal Society Wikipedia Page
The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences.[1] The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, education and public engagement and fostering international and global co-operation. Founded on 28 November 1660, it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II as The Royal Society and is the oldest continuously existing scientific academy in the world.[2]
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In common usage, evaluation is a systematic determination and assessment of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. It can assist an organization, program, design, project or any other intervention or initiative to assess any aim, realizable concept/proposal, or any alternative, to help in decision-making; or to generate the degree of achievement or value in regard to the aim and objectives and results of any such action that has been completed.[1]
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Atlantic Jet was a passenger ferry service which operated between Fortune, Newfoundland, Canada and St. Pierre and Miquelon, an overseas collectivity of France. The service was operated by SPM Express SA, and used a high speed catamaran. The service was discontinued in 2009 due to an engine problem and was replaced by a traditional passenger-only ferry, the MV Arethusa.[1]
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In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution.[3][4] Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices add to greenhouse gases.[5] These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, has grown by about 50% and is at levels unseen for millions of years.[6]
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search term: ice sheets Wikipedia Page
In glaciology, an ice sheet, also known as a continental glacier,[2] is a mass of glacial ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi).[3] The only current ice sheets are the Antarctic ice sheet and the Greenland ice sheet. Ice sheets are bigger than ice shelves or alpine glaciers. Masses of ice covering less than 50,000 km2 are termed an ice cap. An ice cap will typically feed a series of glaciers around its periphery.
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The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's axial tilt; the width of the tropics (in latitude) is twice the tilt. The tropics are also referred to as the tropical zone and the torrid zone (see geographical zone).
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search term: full ocean depth Wikipedia Page
Limiting Factor, known as Bakunawa since its sale in 2022, is a crewed deep-submergence vehicle (DSV) manufactured by Triton Submarines and owned and operated since 2022 by Gabe Newell’s Inkfish ocean-exploration research organization.[3] It currently holds the records for the deepest crewed dives in all five oceans. Limiting Factor was commissioned by Victor Vescovo for $37 million and operated by his marine research organization, Caladan Oceanic, between 2018-2022.[4] It is commercially certified by DNV for dives to full ocean depth, and is operated by a pilot, with facilities for an observer.
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search term: solar insolation Wikipedia Page
Solar irradiance is the power per unit area (surface power density) received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of the measuring instrument. Solar irradiance is measured in watts per square metre (W/m2) in SI units.
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search term: observed Wikipedia Page
Observation in the natural sciences[1] is an act or instance of noticing or perceiving [2] and the acquisition of information from a primary source. In living beings, observation employs the senses. In science, observation can also involve the perception and recording of data via the use of scientific instruments. The term may also refer to any data collected during the scientific activity. Observations can be qualitative, that is, the absence or presence of a property is noted and the observed phenomenon described, or quantitative if a numerical value is attached to the observed phenomenon by counting or measuring.
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search term: coupled model intercomparison project Wikipedia Page
In climatology, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) is a collaborative framework designed to improve knowledge of climate change. It was organized in 1995 by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). It is developed in phases to foster the climate model improvements but also to support national and international assessments of climate change. A related project is the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) for global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (GCMs).
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search term: MTWA Wikipedia Page
In cardiology, T wave alternans (TWA) is a periodic beat-to-beat variation in the amplitude or shape of the T wave in an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). TWA was first described in 1908. At that time, only large variations ("macroscopic" TWA) could be detected. Those large TWAs were associated with increased susceptibility to lethal ventricular tachycardias.
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search term: Earth System feedbacks Wikipedia Page
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search term: cloud feedback Wikipedia Page
Cloud feedback is a type of climate change feedback, where the overall cloud frequency, height, and the relative fraction of the different types of clouds are altered due to climate change, and these changes then affect the Earth's energy balance.[1]: 2224 On their own, clouds are already an important part of the climate system, as they consist of water vapor, which acts as a greenhouse gas and so contributes to warming; at the same time, they are bright and reflective of the Sun, which causes cooling.[2] Clouds at low altitudes have a stronger cooling effect, and those at high altitudes have a stronger warming effect. Altogether, clouds make the Earth cooler than it would have been without them.[3]: 1022
search term: IOP Conference Series Wikipedia Page
Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication from IOP Publishing providing readers with the latest developments in physics presented at international conferences.
search term: decadal filtering Wikipedia Page
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search term: GMST warming Wikipedia Page
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search term: dipole modes Wikipedia Page
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search term: PlioMIP Wikipedia Page
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search term: bomb Wikipedia Page
A bomb is an explosive weapon that uses the exothermic reaction of an explosive material to provide an extremely sudden and violent release of energy. Detonations inflict damage principally through ground- and atmosphere-transmitted mechanical stress, the impact and penetration of pressure-driven projectiles, pressure damage, and explosion-generated effects.[1] Bombs have been utilized since the 11th century starting in East Asia.[2]
search term: ClimIndRec Wikipedia Page
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search term: Greenland runoff in Wikipedia Page
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search term: sea level budget Wikipedia Page
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search term: single variables Wikipedia Page
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search term: warm bias enigma Wikipedia Page
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search term: Optimal Wikipedia Page
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives.[1][2] It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering[3] to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.[4][5]
search term: interannual IOB Wikipedia Page
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search term: observed AMV Wikipedia Page
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search term: freshwater transports Wikipedia Page
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search term: millennium Wikipedia Page
A millennium (pl. millennia or millenniums) is a period of one thousand years or one hundred decades or ten centuries,[1][2] sometimes called a kiloannum (ka), or kiloyear (ky). Normally, the word is used specifically for periods of a thousand years that begin at the starting point (initial reference point) of the calendar in consideration and at later years that are whole number multiples of a thousand years after the start point.[clarification needed] The term can also refer to an interval of time beginning on any date. Millennia sometimes have religious or theological implications (see millenarianism).
search term: ocean areas Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ocean surface temperature variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: RAPID observations Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean heat content estimates Wikipedia Page
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search term: poleward displacement Wikipedia Page
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search term: climate feature Wikipedia Page
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search term: Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science Wikipedia Page
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search term: Beijing Climate Center Earth System Model Wikipedia Page
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search term: global mean temperature change Wikipedia Page
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search term: minimum density Wikipedia Page
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search term: Marine Ecosystems Wikipedia Page
Marine ecosystems are the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems and exist in waters that have a high salt content. These systems contrast with freshwater ecosystems, which have a lower salt content. Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 97% of Earth's water supply[1][2] and 90% of habitable space on Earth.[3] Seawater has an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand of water. Actual salinity varies among different marine ecosystems.[4] Marine ecosystems can be divided into many zones depending upon water depth and shoreline features. The oceanic zone is the vast open part of the ocean where animals such as whales, sharks, and tuna live. The benthic zone consists of substrates below water where many invertebrates live. The intertidal zone is the area between high and low tides. Other near-shore (neritic) zones can include mudflats, seagrass meadows, mangroves, rocky intertidal systems, salt marshes, coral reefs, lagoons. In the deep water, hydrothermal vents may occur where chemosynthetic sulfur bacteria form the base of the food web.
search term: carbon source Wikipedia Page
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities intensify the greenhouse effect. This contributes to climate change. Carbon dioxide (CO2), from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, is one of the most important factors in causing climate change. The largest emitters are China followed by the United States. The United States has higher emissions per capita. The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies. Emissions from human activities have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but have been consistent among all greenhouse gases. Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than any decade before.[2] Total cumulative emissions from 1870 to 2022 were 703 GtC (2575 GtCO2), of which 484±20 GtC (1773±73 GtCO2) from fossil fuels and industry, and 219±60 GtC (802±220 GtCO2) from land use change. Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2022, coal 32%, oil 24%, and gas 10%.[3][4]
search term: climate variables Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean models Wikipedia Page
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search term: diurnal cycle Wikipedia Page
A diurnal cycle (or diel cycle) is any pattern that recurs every 24 hours as a result of one full rotation of the planet Earth around its axis.[1] Earth's rotation causes surface temperature fluctuations throughout the day and night, as well as weather changes throughout the year. The diurnal cycle depends mainly on incoming solar radiation.[2]
search term: maximum AMOC strength Wikipedia Page
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search term: ensemble average Wikipedia Page
In physics, specifically statistical mechanics, an ensemble (also statistical ensemble) is an idealization consisting of a large number of virtual copies (sometimes infinitely many) of a system, considered all at once, each of which represents a possible state that the real system might be in. In other words, a statistical ensemble is a set of systems of particles used in statistical mechanics to describe a single system.[1] The concept of an ensemble was introduced by J. Willard Gibbs in 1902.[2]
search term: North Atlantic CO2uptake Wikipedia Page
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search term: ECS Wikipedia Page
search term: Shaded bands Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP5 trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: error calculation Wikipedia Page
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search term: southern Indian Oceans Wikipedia Page
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search term: IOB magnitude Wikipedia Page
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search term: perennial surface land ice masses Wikipedia Page
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search term: poleward shift Wikipedia Page
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search term: hemisphere atmospheric blocking simulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: IOD teleconnection Wikipedia Page
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search term: intermediate ocean Wikipedia Page
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search term: mean SIA anomalies Wikipedia Page
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search term: shading show Wikipedia Page
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search term: atmospheric adjustment Wikipedia Page
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search term: severe weather Wikipedia Page
Severe weather is any dangerous meteorological phenomenon with the potential to cause damage, serious social disruption, or loss of human life.[1][2][3] These vary depending on the latitude, altitude, topography, and atmospheric conditions. High winds, hail, excessive precipitation, and wildfires are forms and effects, as are thunderstorms, downbursts, tornadoes, waterspouts, tropical cyclones, and extratropical cyclones. Regional and seasonal phenomena include blizzards (snowstorms), ice storms, and duststorms.[4]
search term: anthropogenic signal Wikipedia Page
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search term: Temperature Wikipedia Page
Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or coldness. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. It reflects the average kinetic energy of the vibrating and colliding atoms making up a substance.
search term: negative SAM trend Wikipedia Page
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search term: vertical shear Wikipedia Page
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search term: Precipitation Wikipedia Page
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull.[1] The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, ice pellets, graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor (reaching 100% relative humidity), so that the water condenses and "precipitates" or falls. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation; their water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate, so fog and mist do not fall. (Such a non-precipitating combination is a colloid.) Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated with water vapor: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called showers.[2]
search term: coupled GCM Wikipedia Page
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search term: simulated signature Wikipedia Page
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search term: structured expert judgement exercise Wikipedia Page
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search term: large variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Iceland Wikipedia Page
Iceland (Icelandic: Ísland, pronounced [ˈistlant] )[d] is a Nordic island country between the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe. It is culturally and politically linked with Europe and is the region's westernmost and most sparsely populated country.[12] Its capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which is home to about 36% of the country's roughly 380,000 residents (excluding nearby towns/suburbs which are separate municipalities). The official language of the country is Icelandic. Iceland is on a rift between tectonic plates, and its geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions.[13][14] The interior consists of a volcanic plateau with sand and lava fields, mountains and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
search term: diagnostic field Wikipedia Page
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search term: standard deviations Wikipedia Page
In statistics, the standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation of the values of a variable about its mean.[1] A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be close to the mean (also called the expected value) of the set, while a high standard deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range. The standard deviation is commonly used in the determination of what constitutes an outlier and what does not.
search term: circulation variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: dynamical variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: PDV spatial structure Wikipedia Page
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search term: changing surface Wikipedia Page
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search term: surface models Wikipedia Page
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search term: Polar Ozone Depletion Wikipedia Page
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search term: natural forcings Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean oxygen content Wikipedia Page
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search term: global mean land Wikipedia Page
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search term: Geophysical Wikipedia Page
Geophysics (/ˌdʒiːoʊˈfɪzɪks/) is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. Geophysicists, who usually study geophysics, physics, or one of the Earth sciences at the graduate level, complete investigations across a wide range of scientific disciplines. The term geophysics classically refers to solid earth applications: Earth's shape; its gravitational, magnetic fields, and electromagnetic fields ; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation.[3] However, modern geophysics organizations and pure scientists use a broader definition that includes the water cycle including snow and ice; fluid dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere; electricity and magnetism in the ionosphere and magnetosphere and solar-terrestrial physics; and analogous problems associated with the Moon and other planets.[3][4][5][6][7][8]
search term: oxygen concentrations Wikipedia Page
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search term: Atlantic multidecadal variability Wikipedia Page
The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), also known as Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV),[1] is the theorized variability of the sea surface temperature (SST) of the North Atlantic Ocean on the timescale of several decades.[2]
search term: geopotential height Wikipedia Page
Geopotential height or geopotential altitude is a vertical coordinate referenced to Earth's mean sea level (assumed zero geopotential) that represents the work involved in lifting one unit of mass over one unit of length through a hypothetical space in which the acceleration of gravity is assumed constant.[1] In SI units, a geopotential height difference of one meter implies the vertical transport of a parcel of one kilogram; adopting the standard gravity value (9.80665 m/s2), it corresponds to a constant work or potential energy difference of 9.80665 joules.
search term: relative performance Wikipedia Page
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search term: inference procedure Wikipedia Page
Inferences are steps in reasoning, moving from premises to logical consequences; etymologically, the word infer means to "carry forward". Inference is theoretically traditionally divided into deduction and induction, a distinction that in Europe dates at least to Aristotle (300s BCE). Deduction is inference deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true, with the laws of valid inference being studied in logic. Induction is inference from particular evidence to a universal conclusion. A third type of inference is sometimes distinguished, notably by Charles Sanders Peirce, contradistinguishing abduction from induction.
search term: Forcings Wikipedia Page
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search term: Arctic sea ice loss Wikipedia Page
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search term: counterfactual framework Wikipedia Page
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search term: global moisture Wikipedia Page
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search term: forced response Wikipedia Page
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search term: land water storage Wikipedia Page
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search term: bottom water formation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Gulf Stream Wikipedia Page
The Gulf Stream is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows through the Straits of Florida and up the eastern coastline of the United States, then veers east near 36°N latitude (North Carolina) and moves toward Northwest Europe as the North Atlantic Current. The process of western intensification causes the Gulf Stream to be a northward-accelerating current off the east coast of North America. Around 40°0′N 30°0′W / 40.000°N 30.000°W, it splits in two, with the northern stream, the North Atlantic Drift, crossing to Northern Europe and the southern stream, the Canary Current, recirculating off West Africa.
search term: subtropical Pacific sea surface temperature Wikipedia Page
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search term: mean sea ice state Wikipedia Page
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search term: Positive rainfall trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: anthropogenic aerosol emissions Wikipedia Page
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search term: observed increasing greenhouse gas concentrations Wikipedia Page
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search term: proxy data Wikipedia Page
In the study of past climates ("paleoclimatology"), climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological measurements[1] and enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic conditions over a longer fraction of the Earth's history. Reliable global records of climate only began in the 1880s, and proxies provide the only means for scientists to determine climatic patterns before record-keeping began.
search term: Tropical Pacific Variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: time synchronisation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Southern Ocean convection Wikipedia Page
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The wet season (sometimes called the rainy season or monsoon season) is the time of year when most of a region's average annual rainfall occurs.[1] Generally, the season lasts at least one month.[2] The term green season is also sometimes used as a euphemism by tourist authorities.[3] Areas with wet seasons are dispersed across portions of the tropics and subtropics.[4]
search term: Nature Geoscience Wikipedia Page
Nature Geoscience is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Nature Publishing Group. The Chief Editor is Tamara Goldin, who took over from Heike Langenberg in February 2020. It was established in January 2008.
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Heat capacity or thermal capacity is a physical property of matter, defined as the amount of heat to be supplied to an object to produce a unit change in its temperature.[1] The SI unit of heat capacity is joule per kelvin (J/K).
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The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin. The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20°N. Over the past century, the amplitude of this climate pattern has varied irregularly at interannual-to-interdecadal time scales (meaning time periods of a few years to as much as time periods of multiple decades). There is evidence of reversals in the prevailing polarity (meaning changes in cool surface waters versus warm surface waters within the region) of the oscillation occurring around 1925, 1947, and 1977; the last two reversals corresponded with dramatic shifts in salmon production regimes in the North Pacific Ocean. This climate pattern also affects coastal sea and continental surface air temperatures from Alaska to California.
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The Piacenzian is in the international geologic time scale the upper stage or latest age of the Pliocene. It spans the time between 3.6 ± 0.005 Ma and 2.58 Ma (million years ago). The Piacenzian is after the Zanclean and is followed by the Gelasian (part of the Pleistocene).
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Partition may refer to:
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Main five oceans division:
search term: ice sheet Wikipedia Page
In glaciology, an ice sheet, also known as a continental glacier,[2] is a mass of glacial ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi).[3] The only current ice sheets are the Antarctic ice sheet and the Greenland ice sheet. Ice sheets are bigger than ice shelves or alpine glaciers. Masses of ice covering less than 50,000 km2 are termed an ice cap. An ice cap will typically feed a series of glaciers around its periphery.
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The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is the main ocean current system in the Atlantic Ocean.[1]: 2238 It is a component of Earth's ocean circulation system and plays an important role in the climate system. The AMOC includes Atlantic currents at the surface and at great depths that are driven by changes in weather, temperature and salinity. Those currents comprise half of the global thermohaline circulation that includes the flow of major ocean currents, the other half being the Southern Ocean overturning circulation.[2]
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In fluid dynamics, an eddy is the swirling of a fluid and the reverse current created when the fluid is in a turbulent flow regime.[2] The moving fluid creates a space devoid of downstream-flowing fluid on the downstream side of the object. Fluid behind the obstacle flows into the void creating a swirl of fluid on each edge of the obstacle, followed by a short reverse flow of fluid behind the obstacle flowing upstream, toward the back of the obstacle. This phenomenon is naturally observed behind large emergent rocks in swift-flowing rivers.
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Antarctica (/ænˈtɑːrktɪkə/ )[note 1] is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean (also known as the Antarctic Ocean), it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of 14,200,000 km2 (5,500,000 sq mi). Most of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, with an average thickness of 1.9 km (1.2 mi).
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In geology, bedrock is solid rock that lies under loose material (regolith) within the crust of Earth or another terrestrial planet.
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FESOM (Finite-Element/volumE Sea ice-Ocean Model) is a multi-resolution ocean general circulation model that solves the equations of motion describing the ocean and sea ice using finite-element and finite-volume methods on unstructured computational grids. The model is developed and supported by researchers at the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), in Bremerhaven, Germany.
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search term: Oxygen Wikipedia Page
Oxygen is a chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group in the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and a potent oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. Oxygen is the most abundant element in Earth's crust, and the third-most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium.
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Nature Communications is a peer-reviewed, open access, scientific journal published by Nature Portfolio since 2010. It is a multidisciplinary journal that covers the natural sciences, including physics, chemistry, earth sciences, medicine, and biology. The journal has editorial offices in London, Berlin, New York City, and Shanghai.
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search term: global mean surface temperature Wikipedia Page
Global surface temperature (GST) is the average temperature of Earth's surface. More precisely, it is the weighted average of the temperatures over the ocean and land. The former is also called sea surface temperature and the latter is called surface air temperature. Temperature data comes mainly from weather stations and satellites. To estimate data in the distant past, proxy data can be used for example from tree rings, corals, and ice cores.[1] Observing the rising GST over time is one of the many lines of evidence supporting the scientific consensus on climate change, which is that human activities are causing climate change. Alternative terms for the same thing are global mean surface temperature (GMST) or global average surface temperature.
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The moist static energy is a thermodynamic variable that describes the state of an air parcel, and is similar to the equivalent potential temperature.[1] The moist static energy is a combination of a parcel's enthalpy due to an air parcel's internal energy and energy required to make room for it, its potential energy due to its height above the surface, and the latent energy due to water vapor present in the air parcel. It is a useful variable for researching the atmosphere because, like several other similar variables, it is approximately conserved during adiabatic ascent and descent.[2]
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search term: High Resolution Wikipedia Page
High-resolution schemes are used in the numerical solution of partial differential equations where high accuracy is required in the presence of shocks or discontinuities. They have the following properties:
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search term: climate change Wikipedia Page
In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution.[3][4] Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices add to greenhouse gases.[5] These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, has grown by about 50% and is at levels unseen for millions of years.[6]
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Volcanism, vulcanism, volcanicity, or volcanic activity is the phenomenon where solids, liquids, gases, and their mixtures erupt to the surface of a solid-surface astronomical body such as a planet or a moon.[1] It is caused by the presence of a heat source, usually internally generated, inside the body; the heat is generated by various processes, such as radioactive decay or tidal heating. This heat partially melts solid material in the body or turns material into gas. The mobilized material rises through the body's interior and may break through the solid surface.[2][3]
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search term: CMIP6 attribution studies Wikipedia Page
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search term: GPCP Wikipedia Page
The Global Energy and Water Exchanges Project (abbreviated GEWEX, formerly named the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment from 1990 to 2012[1]) is an international research project and a core project of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP).
search term: hierarchical model Wikipedia Page
A hierarchical database model is a data model in which the data are organized into a tree-like structure. The data are stored as records which are connected to one another through links. A record is a collection of fields, with each field containing only one value. The type of a record defines which fields the record contains.
search term: Circumpolar Southern Wikipedia Page
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A statistical model is a mathematical model that embodies a set of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data (and similar data from a larger population). A statistical model represents, often in considerably idealized form, the data-generating process.[1] When referring specifically to probabilities, the corresponding term is probabilistic model. All statistical hypothesis tests and all statistical estimators are derived via statistical models. More generally, statistical models are part of the foundation of statistical inference. A statistical model is usually specified as a mathematical relationship between one or more random variables and other non-random variables. As such, a statistical model is "a formal representation of a theory" (Herman Adèr quoting Kenneth Bollen).[2]
search term: RICH software Wikipedia Page
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search term: climate change policy Wikipedia Page
The politics of climate change results from different perspectives on how to respond to climate change. Global warming is driven largely by the emissions of greenhouse gases due to human economic activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels,[1] certain industries like cement and steel production, and land use for agriculture and forestry. Since the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuels have provided the main source of energy for economic and technological development. The centrality of fossil fuels and other carbon-intensive industries has resulted in much resistance to climate friendly policy, despite widespread scientific consensus that such policy is necessary.
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search term: NCAR Wikipedia Page
The US National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR /ˈɛnkɑːr/)[3] is a US federally funded research and development center (FFRDC) managed by the nonprofit University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) and funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF).[4] NCAR has multiple facilities, including the I. M. Pei-designed Mesa Laboratory headquarters in Boulder, Colorado. Studies include meteorology, climate science, atmospheric chemistry, solar-terrestrial interactions, environmental and societal impacts.
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search term: Volcanic Wikipedia Page
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. The process that forms volcanoes is called volcanism.
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In mathematics, particularly in homotopy theory, a model category is a category with distinguished classes of morphisms ('arrows') called 'weak equivalences', 'fibrations' and 'cofibrations' satisfying certain axioms relating them. These abstract from the category of topological spaces or of chain complexes (derived category theory). The concept was introduced by Daniel G. Quillen (1967).
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1 (one, unit, unity) is a number, numeral, and glyph. It is the first and smallest positive integer of the infinite sequence of natural numbers. This fundamental property has led to its unique uses in other fields, ranging from science to sports, where it commonly denotes the first, leading, or top thing in a group. 1 is the unit of counting or measurement, a determiner for singular nouns, and a gender-neutral pronoun. Historically, the representation of 1 evolved from ancient Sumerian and Babylonian symbols to the modern Arabic numeral.
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search term: correlation Wikipedia Page
In statistics, correlation or dependence is any statistical relationship, whether causal or not, between two random variables or bivariate data. Although in the broadest sense, "correlation" may indicate any type of association, in statistics it usually refers to the degree to which a pair of variables are linearly related. Familiar examples of dependent phenomena include the correlation between the height of parents and their offspring, and the correlation between the price of a good and the quantity the consumers are willing to purchase, as it is depicted in the so-called demand curve.
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search term: Southern Ocean carbon uptake Wikipedia Page
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search term: wetting Wikipedia Page
Wetting is the ability of a liquid to displace gas to maintain contact with a solid surface, resulting from intermolecular interactions when the two are brought together.[1] This happens in presence of a gaseous phase or another liquid phase not miscible with the first one. The degree of wetting (wettability) is determined by a force balance between adhesive and cohesive forces. There are two types of wetting: non-reactive wetting and reactive wetting.[2][3]
search term: Interdecadal Temperature Variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Indian Ocean Dipole Wikipedia Page
The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), also known as the Indian Niño, is an irregular oscillation of sea surface temperatures in which the western Indian Ocean becomes alternately warmer (positive phase) and then colder (negative phase) than the eastern part of the ocean.
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search term: hemispheres Wikipedia Page
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search term: hydrological modelling Wikipedia Page
A hydrologic model is a simplification of a real-world system (e.g., surface water, soil water, wetland, groundwater, estuary) that aids in understanding, predicting, and managing water resources. Both the flow and quality of water are commonly studied using hydrologic models.
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Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air and together with ocean circulation is the means by which thermal energy is redistributed on the surface of the Earth. The Earth's atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the large-scale structure of its circulation remains fairly constant. The smaller-scale weather systems – mid-latitude depressions, or tropical convective cells – occur chaotically, and long-range weather predictions of those cannot be made beyond ten days in practice, or a month in theory (see chaos theory and the butterfly effect).
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search term: CGCM Wikipedia Page
The Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) is part of the Climate Research Division of Environment Canada and is located at the University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia. Its purpose is to develop and apply climate models to improve understanding of climate change and make quantitative projections of future climate in Canada and globally. Its seasonal forecasting system provides climate forecasts over Canada on timescales of months to years.
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search term: Environmental Research Wikipedia Page
Environmental Research is a peer-reviewed environmental science and environmental health journal published by Elsevier.[1] The editor in chief is Jose L. Domingo.[2] The journal's 2020 impact factor of 6.498 placed it 16th out of 203 journals in the category Public, Environmental, and Occupational Health;[3] the 2021 impact factor increased to 8.431.
search term: IPCC assessments Wikipedia Page
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search term: Global Carbon Budget Wikipedia Page
A carbon budget is a concept used in climate policy to help set emissions reduction targets in a fair and effective way. It examines the "maximum amount of cumulative net global anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that would result in limiting global warming to a given level".[2]: 2220 It can be expressed relative to the pre-industrial period (the year 1750). In this case, it is the total carbon budget. Or it can be expressed from a recent specified date onwards. In that case it is the remaining carbon budget.[2]: 2220
search term: Glacial Maximum experiments Wikipedia Page
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search term: Uncertainty Wikipedia Page
Uncertainty or incertitude refers to epistemic situations involving imperfect or unknown information. It applies to predictions of future events, to physical measurements that are already made, or to the unknown. Uncertainty arises in partially observable or stochastic environments, as well as due to ignorance, indolence, or both.[1] It arises in any number of fields, including insurance, philosophy, physics, statistics, economics, finance, medicine, psychology, sociology, engineering, metrology, meteorology, ecology and information science.
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search term: climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: AR4 Wikipedia Page
Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), was published in 2007 and is the fourth in a series of reports intended to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potential effects, and options for adaptation and mitigation.[2] The report is the largest and most detailed summary of the climate change situation ever undertaken, produced by thousands of authors, editors, and reviewers from dozens of countries, citing over 6,000 peer-reviewed scientific studies. People from over 130 countries contributed to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, which took six years to produce.[2] Contributors to AR4 included more than 2,500 scientific expert reviewers, more than 800 contributing authors, and more than 450 lead authors.[2]
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The surface layer is the layer of a turbulent fluid most affected by interaction with a solid surface or the surface separating a gas and a liquid where the characteristics of the turbulence depend on distance from the interface. Surface layers are characterized by large normal gradients of tangential velocity and large concentration gradients of any substances (temperature, moisture, sediments et cetera) transported to or from the interface.
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search term: Montreal Wikipedia Page
Montreal[a] is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest in Canada, and the ninth-largest in North America. Founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie, or "City of Mary",[18] it is now named after Mount Royal,[19] the triple-peaked mountain around which the early settlement was built.[20] The city is centred on the Island of Montreal[21][22] and a few, much smaller, peripheral islands, the largest of which is Île Bizard. The city is 196 km (122 mi) east of the national capital, Ottawa, and 258 km (160 mi) southwest of the provincial capital, Quebec City.
search term: ESMs Wikipedia Page
Malmö Airport (IATA: MMX, ICAO: ESMS) — until 2007 known as Sturup Airport (Swedish: Sturups flygplats) — is Sweden's fourth busiest airport, handling 1,975,479 passengers in 2019.[2] The airport is located in Svedala Municipality, approximately 28 kilometres (17 mi) east of Malmö and 26 kilometres (16 mi) south-east of Lund.
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search term: aerosol Wikipedia Page
An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.[1] Aerosols can be generated from natural or human causes. The term aerosol commonly refers to the mixture of particulates in air, and not to the particulate matter alone.[2] Examples of natural aerosols are fog, mist or dust. Examples of human caused aerosols include particulate air pollutants, mist from the discharge at hydroelectric dams, irrigation mist, perfume from atomizers, smoke, dust, sprayed pesticides, and medical treatments for respiratory illnesses.[3]
search term: drought Wikipedia Page
A drought is a period of drier-than-normal conditions.[1]: 1157 A drought can last for days, months or years. Drought often has large impacts on the ecosystems and agriculture of affected regions, and causes harm to the local economy.[2][3] Annual dry seasons in the tropics significantly increase the chances of a drought developing, with subsequent increased wildfire risks.[4] Heat waves can significantly worsen drought conditions by increasing evapotranspiration.[5] This dries out forests and other vegetation, and increases the amount of fuel for wildfires.[4][6]
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search term: Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Wikipedia Page
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities intensify the greenhouse effect. This contributes to climate change. Carbon dioxide (CO2), from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, is one of the most important factors in causing climate change. The largest emitters are China followed by the United States. The United States has higher emissions per capita. The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies. Emissions from human activities have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but have been consistent among all greenhouse gases. Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than any decade before.[2] Total cumulative emissions from 1870 to 2022 were 703 GtC (2575 GtCO2), of which 484±20 GtC (1773±73 GtCO2) from fossil fuels and industry, and 219±60 GtC (802±220 GtCO2) from land use change. Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2022, coal 32%, oil 24%, and gas 10%.[3][4]
search term: mean state bias Wikipedia Page
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search term: change Wikipedia Page
Change, Changed or Changing may refer to the below. Other forms are listed at § See also
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search term: statistical models Wikipedia Page
A statistical model is a mathematical model that embodies a set of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data (and similar data from a larger population). A statistical model represents, often in considerably idealized form, the data-generating process.[1] When referring specifically to probabilities, the corresponding term is probabilistic model. All statistical hypothesis tests and all statistical estimators are derived via statistical models. More generally, statistical models are part of the foundation of statistical inference. A statistical model is usually specified as a mathematical relationship between one or more random variables and other non-random variables. As such, a statistical model is "a formal representation of a theory" (Herman Adèr quoting Kenneth Bollen).[2]
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search term: Taylor diagram Wikipedia Page
Taylor diagrams are mathematical diagrams designed to graphically indicate which of several approximate representations (or models) of a system, process, or phenomenon is most realistic. This diagram, invented by Karl E. Taylor in 1994 (published in 2001[1]) facilitates the comparative assessment of different models. It is used to quantify the degree of correspondence between the modeled and observed behavior in terms of three statistics: the Pearson correlation coefficient, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) error, and the standard deviation.
search term: paradox Wikipedia Page
A paradox is a logically self-contradictory statement or a statement that runs contrary to one's expectation.[1][2] It is a statement that, despite apparently valid reasoning from true or apparently true premises, leads to a seemingly self-contradictory or a logically unacceptable conclusion.[3][4] A paradox usually involves contradictory-yet-interrelated elements that exist simultaneously and persist over time.[5][6][7] They result in "persistent contradiction between interdependent elements" leading to a lasting "unity of opposites".[8]
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Coherence is, in general, a state or situation in which all the parts or ideas fit together well so that they form a united whole.
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search term: quality control Wikipedia Page
Quality control (QC) is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production. ISO 9000 defines quality control as "a part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements".[1]
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search term: land degradation Wikipedia Page
Land degradation is a process in which the value of a biophysical or biochemical environment is affected by a combination of natural or human-induced processes acting upon the land.[1][2] It is viewed as any change or disturbance to the land perceived to be deleterious or undesirable.[3] Natural hazards are excluded as a cause; however human activities can indirectly affect phenomena such as floods and bush fires.
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search term: abyssal ocean Wikipedia Page
The abyssal zone or abyssopelagic zone is a layer of the pelagic zone of the ocean. The word abyss comes from the Greek word ἄβυσσος (ábussos), meaning "bottomless".[1] At depths of 4,000–6,000 m (13,000–20,000 ft),[2] this zone remains in perpetual darkness.[3][4] It covers 83% of the total area of the ocean and 60% of Earth's surface.[5] The abyssal zone has temperatures around 2–3 °C (36–37 °F) through the large majority of its mass.[3] The water pressure can reach up to 76 MPa (750 atm; 11,000 psi).
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search term: paleoclimate proxies Wikipedia Page
Paleolimnology (from Greek: παλαιός, palaios, "ancient", λίμνη, limne, "lake", and λόγος, logos, "study") is a scientific sub-discipline closely related to both limnology and paleoecology. Paleolimnological studies focus on reconstructing the past environments of inland waters (e.g., lakes and streams) using the geologic record, especially with regard to events such as climatic change, eutrophication, acidification, and internal ontogenic processes.
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search term: AMOC Wikipedia Page
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is the main ocean current system in the Atlantic Ocean.[1]: 2238 It is a component of Earth's ocean circulation system and plays an important role in the climate system. The AMOC includes Atlantic currents at the surface and at great depths that are driven by changes in weather, temperature and salinity. Those currents comprise half of the global thermohaline circulation that includes the flow of major ocean currents, the other half being the Southern Ocean overturning circulation.[2]
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search term: glacier Wikipedia Page
A glacier (US: /ˈɡleɪʃər/; UK: /ˈɡlæsiər, ˈɡleɪsiər/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving downhill under its own weight. A glacier forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation over many years, often centuries. It acquires distinguishing features, such as crevasses and seracs, as it slowly flows and deforms under stresses induced by its weight. As it moves, it abrades rock and debris from its substrate to create landforms such as cirques, moraines, or fjords. Although a glacier may flow into a body of water, it forms only on land and is distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water.
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search term: Chile Wikipedia Page
Chile,[a] officially the Republic of Chile,[b] is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Chile had a population of 17.5 million as of the latest census in 2017 and has a territorial area of 756,102 square kilometers (291,933 sq mi),[10][3] sharing borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. The country also controls several Pacific islands, including Juan Fernández, Isla Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island, and claims about 1,250,000 square kilometers (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica as the Chilean Antarctic Territory.[nb 2] The capital and largest city of Chile is Santiago, and the national language is Spanish.
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search term: Climate Research Unit Wikipedia Page
The Climatic Research Unit (CRU) is a component of the University of East Anglia and is one of the leading institutions concerned with the study of natural and anthropogenic climate change.[1]
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search term: assessment Wikipedia Page
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search term: mean Wikipedia Page
A mean is a numeric quantity representing the "center" of a collection of numbers and is intermediate to the extreme values of the set of numbers.[1] There are several kinds of means (or "measures of central tendency") in mathematics, especially in statistics. Each attempts to summarize or typify a given group of data, illustrating the magnitude and sign of the data set. Which of these measures is most illuminating depends on what is being measured, and on context and purpose.[2]
search term: double ITCZ bias Wikipedia Page
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search term: AR6 Wikipedia Page
The Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the United Nations (UN) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the sixth in a series of reports which assess the available scientific information on climate change. Three Working Groups (WGI, II, and III) covered the following topics: The Physical Science Basis (WGI); Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (WGII); Mitigation of Climate Change (WGIII). Of these, the first study was published in 2021, the second report February 2022, and the third in April 2022. The final synthesis report was finished in March 2023. It includes a summary for policymakers and was the basis for the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28) in Dubai.[1]
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search term: West Africa Wikipedia Page
West Africa, also called Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo, as well as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom Overseas Territory).[8][9] The population of West Africa is estimated at 419 million[1][2] people as of 2021, and at 381,981,000 as of 2017, of which 189,672,000 were female and 192,309,000 male.[3] The region is demographically[10] and economically[11] one of the fastest growing on the African continent.
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search term: regression coefficients Wikipedia Page
In statistics, linear regression is a statistical model that estimates the linear relationship between a scalar response (dependent variable) and one or more explanatory variables (regressor or independent variable). The case of one explanatory variable is called simple linear regression; for more than one, the process is called multiple linear regression.[1] This term is distinct from multivariate linear regression, where multiple correlated dependent variables are predicted, rather than a single scalar variable.[2] If the explanatory variables are measured with error then errors-in-variables models are required, also known as measurement error models.
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search term: Antarctic Circumpolar Current Wikipedia Page
Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is an ocean current that flows clockwise (as seen from the South Pole) from west to east around Antarctica. An alternative name for the ACC is the West Wind Drift. The ACC is the dominant circulation feature of the Southern Ocean and has a mean transport estimated at 100–150 Sverdrups (Sv, million m3/s),[1] or possibly even higher,[2] making it the largest ocean current. The current is circumpolar due to the lack of any landmass connecting with Antarctica and this keeps warm ocean waters away from Antarctica, enabling that continent to maintain its huge ice sheet.
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search term: Antarctic sea ice Wikipedia Page
Antarctic sea ice is the sea ice of the Southern Ocean. It extends from the far north in the winter and retreats to almost the coastline every summer.[1] Sea ice is frozen seawater that is usually less than a few meters thick. This is the opposite of ice shelves, which are formed by glaciers; they float in the sea, and are up to a kilometre thick. There are two subdivisions of sea ice: fast ice, which are attached to land; and ice floes, which are not.
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search term: Hadley cell Wikipedia Page
The Hadley cell, also known as the Hadley circulation, is a global-scale tropical atmospheric circulation that features air rising near the equator, flowing poleward near the tropopause at a height of 12–15 km (7.5–9.3 mi) above the Earth's surface, cooling and descending in the subtropics at around 25 degrees latitude, and then returning equatorward near the surface. It is a thermally direct circulation within the troposphere that emerges due to differences in insolation and heating between the tropics and the subtropics. On a yearly average, the circulation is characterized by a circulation cell on each side of the equator. The Southern Hemisphere Hadley cell is slightly stronger on average than its northern counterpart, extending slightly beyond the equator into the Northern Hemisphere. During the summer and winter months, the Hadley circulation is dominated by a single, cross-equatorial cell with air rising in the summer hemisphere and sinking in the winter hemisphere. Analogous circulations may occur in extraterrestrial atmospheres, such as on Venus and Mars.
search term: climate forcings Wikipedia Page
Earth's climate system is a complex system with five interacting components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things).[1]: 1451 Climate is the statistical characterization of the climate system.[1]: 1450 It represents the average weather, typically over a period of 30 years, and is determined by a combination of processes, such as ocean currents and wind patterns.[2][3] Circulation in the atmosphere and oceans transports heat from the tropical regions to regions that receive less energy from the Sun. Solar radiation is the main driving force for this circulation. The water cycle also moves energy throughout the climate system. In addition, certain chemical elements are constantly moving between the components of the climate system. Two examples for these biochemical cycles are the carbon and nitrogen cycles.
search term: orbital forcing Wikipedia Page
Orbital forcing is the effect on climate of slow changes in the tilt of the Earth's axis and shape of the Earth's orbit around the Sun (see Milankovitch cycles). These orbital changes modify the total amount of sunlight reaching the Earth by up to 25% at mid-latitudes (from 400 to 500 W/(m2) at latitudes of 60 degrees).[citation needed] In this context, the term "forcing" signifies a physical process that affects the Earth's climate.
search term: December ENSO index value Wikipedia Page
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search term: Bottom Water circulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: regional changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: Masa Wikipedia Page
Masa or masa de maíz (English: /ˈmɑːsə/; Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmasa]) is a maize dough that comes from ground nixtamalized corn. It is used for making corn tortillas, gorditas, tamales, pupusas, and many other Latin American dishes. It is dried and powdered into a flour form called masa harina. Masa is reconstituted from masa harina by mixing with water before use in cooking.[1]
search term: major stratospheric sudden warmings Wikipedia Page
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search term: Antarctic sea ice decay Wikipedia Page
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search term: Southern Annular Mode variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Glacial Atlantic overturning Wikipedia Page
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search term: GCMs Wikipedia Page
search term: decadal climate change Wikipedia Page
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search term: poleward Wikipedia Page
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search term: Zonal Modes Wikipedia Page
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search term: wetness Wikipedia Page
Wetting is the ability of a liquid to displace gas to maintain contact with a solid surface, resulting from intermolecular interactions when the two are brought together.[1] This happens in presence of a gaseous phase or another liquid phase not miscible with the first one. The degree of wetting (wettability) is determined by a force balance between adhesive and cohesive forces. There are two types of wetting: non-reactive wetting and reactive wetting.[2][3]
search term: precipitation Wikipedia Page
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull.[1] The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, ice pellets, graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor (reaching 100% relative humidity), so that the water condenses and "precipitates" or falls. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation; their water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate, so fog and mist do not fall. (Such a non-precipitating combination is a colloid.) Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated with water vapor: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called showers.[2]
search term: Precipitation Annual Cycle Wikipedia Page
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search term: GPCC Wikipedia Page
search term: North Atlantic Cooling Wikipedia Page
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search term: annual mean precipitation rate Wikipedia Page
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search term: palaeoclimate reconstructions Wikipedia Page
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search term: Geoph Wikipedia Page
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search term: Northern Hemisphere atmospheric internal variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: IPCC Fifth Assessment Wikipedia Page
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search term: GSAT change Wikipedia Page
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search term: Alaska Wikipedia Page
Alaska (/əˈlæskə/ ə-LASS-kə) is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America. It is in the Western United States region. The only other non-contiguous U.S. state is Hawaii. Alaska is also considered to be the northernmost, westernmost, and easternmost (the Aleutian Islands cross the 180th meridian into the eastern hemisphere) state in the United States. It borders the Canadian territory of Yukon and the province of British Columbia to the east. It shares a western maritime border, in the Bering Strait, with Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the Arctic Ocean lie to the north, and the Pacific Ocean lies to the south. Technically, it is a semi-exclave of the U.S., and is the largest exclave in the world.
search term: process realism Wikipedia Page
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search term: multivariate assessment Wikipedia Page
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search term: Hadley Cell expansion Wikipedia Page
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search term: South Asian summer monsoon circulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: continental ice sheets Wikipedia Page
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search term: metronome Wikipedia Page
A metronome (from Ancient Greek μέτρον (métron) 'measure' and νόμος (nómos) 'law') is a device that produces an audible click or other sound at a uniform interval that can be set by the user, typically in beats per minute (BPM). Metronomes may also include synchronized visual motion, such as a swinging pendulum or a blinking light. Musicians—and others including dancers, athletes, and health professionals—often practise with a metronome to improve their timing, especially the ability to maintain a steady tempo with a regular beat or pulse. Composers and conductors often use numerical metronome markings to communicate their preferred tempos to musicians preparing for a performance.
search term: carbon climate feedbacks Wikipedia Page
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search term: Projected Arctic Warming Wikipedia Page
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search term: NationalAcademy of Sciences Wikipedia Page
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search term: Salinity Change Attribution Wikipedia Page
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search term: global warming slowdown Wikipedia Page
A global warming hiatus,[1] also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause[2] or a global warming slowdown,[3] is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures.[4] In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record, along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend.[1] Such a "hiatus" is shorter than the 30-year periods that climate is classically averaged over.[5]
search term: data coverage bias Wikipedia Page
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search term: AMV index Wikipedia Page
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search term: Anomal Wikipedia Page
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search term: phosphorus cycle Wikipedia Page
The phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that involves the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Unlike many other biogeochemical cycles, the atmosphere does not play a significant role in the movement of phosphorus, because phosphorus and phosphorus-based materials do not enter the gaseous phase readily,[1] as the main source of gaseous phosphorus, phosphine, is only produced in isolated and specific conditions.[2] Therefore, the phosphorus cycle is primarily examined studying the movement of orthophosphate (PO4)3-, the form of phosphorus that is most commonly seen in the environment, through terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.[3]
search term: unforced variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: memory biases Wikipedia Page
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search term: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Wikipedia Page
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (abbreviated as NOAA /ˈnoʊ.ə/ NOH-ə) is an American scientific and regulatory agency charged with forecasting weather, monitoring oceanic and atmospheric conditions, charting the seas, conducting deep-sea exploration, and managing fishing and protection of marine mammals and endangered species in the US exclusive economic zone. The agency is part of the United States Department of Commerce and is headquartered in Silver Spring, Maryland.
search term: hindcasts initialized Wikipedia Page
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search term: anthropogenic temperature Wikipedia Page
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search term: climate model simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: greenhouse gas concentrations Wikipedia Page
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search term: mean SST Wikipedia Page
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search term: observational data set Wikipedia Page
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search term: individual studies Wikipedia Page
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search term: surface waters Wikipedia Page
Surface water is water located on top of land, forming terrestrial (surrounding by land on all sides) waterbodies, and may also be referred to as blue water, opposed to the seawater and waterbodies like the ocean.
search term: estimates Wikipedia Page
In the Westminster system of government, the Estimates are an outline of government spending for the following fiscal year presented by the cabinet to parliament. The Estimates are drawn up by bureaucrats in the finance ministry in collaboration with cabinet ministers. They consist of detailed reports on how each department or ministry will spend its money. The estimates are normally introduced in the responsible chamber (the lower house in bicameral parliaments) just prior to the main Budget Day, which gives them time to be analyzed by House committees. Unlike the budget, the estimates contain no references to fiscal policy, long-term goals, or funding. After each section is reviewed by the relevant committee the entire Estimates are voted on as one bill. Defeat on the vote is treated as loss of supply and tantamount to loss of confidence. Unlike tax proposals in the budget, the Estimates are rarely controversial, with most issues being dealt with in committee.
search term: lower overturning cell Wikipedia Page
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search term: percentage anomaly Wikipedia Page
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search term: precipitation bias Wikipedia Page
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search term: tropical tropospheric warming Wikipedia Page
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search term: Solar forcing Wikipedia Page
Radiative forcing (or climate forcing[2]) is a concept used in climate science to quantify the change in energy balance in Earth's atmosphere. Various factors contribute to this change in energy balance, such as concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, and changes in surface albedo and solar irradiance. In more technical terms, it is defined as "the change in the net, downward minus upward, radiative flux (expressed in W/m2) due to a change in an external driver of climate change."[3]: 2245 These external drivers are distinguished from feedbacks and variability that are internal to the climate system, and that further influence the direction and magnitude of imbalance. Radiative forcing on Earth is meaningfully evaluated at the tropopause and at the top of the stratosphere. It is quantified in units of watts per square meter, and often summarized as an average over the total surface area of the globe.
search term: GSAT variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: cooling Wikipedia Page
Cooling is removal of heat, usually resulting in a lower temperature and/or phase change. Temperature lowering achieved by any other means may also be called cooling.[1][2] The transfer of thermal energy may occur via thermal radiation, heat conduction or convection. Examples can be as simple as reducing temperature of a coffee.
search term: surface temperatures Wikipedia Page
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search term: sparse observations Wikipedia Page
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search term: joint changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: Biogeochemical Cycles Wikipedia Page
A biogeochemical cycle, or more generally a cycle of matter,[1] is the movement and transformation of chemical elements and compounds between living organisms, the atmosphere, and the Earth's crust. Major biogeochemical cycles include the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle. In each cycle, the chemical element or molecule is transformed and cycled by living organisms and through various geological forms and reservoirs, including the atmosphere, the soil and the oceans. It can be thought of as the pathway by which a chemical substance cycles (is turned over or moves through) the biotic compartment and the abiotic compartments of Earth. The biotic compartment is the biosphere and the abiotic compartments are the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere.
search term: Southern Ocean Circulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: surface temperature variations Wikipedia Page
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search term: regional monsoons Wikipedia Page
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search term: simulated forced component Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP5 NAT Wikipedia Page
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search term: regions Wikipedia Page
In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as areas, zones, lands or territories, are portions of the Earth's surface that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and the interaction of humanity and the environment (environmental geography). Geographic regions and sub-regions are mostly described by their imprecisely defined, and sometimes transitory boundaries, except in human geography, where jurisdiction areas such as national borders are defined in law. More confined or well bounded portions are called locations or places.
search term: century events Wikipedia Page
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search term: secondary organic aerosols Wikipedia Page
A secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a molecule produced via oxidation over several generations of a parent organic molecule.[1] In contrast to primary organic aerosols, which are emitted directly from the biosphere, SOAs are either formed via homogeneous nucleation through the successive oxidation of gas-phase organic compounds, or through condensation on pre-existing particles. These gas-phase species exert high vapor pressures, meaning they are volatile and stable in the gas-phase.
search term: ModelFidelity Wikipedia Page
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search term: Executive Summary Wikipedia Page
An executive summary (or management summary, sometimes also called speed read) is a short document or section of a document produced for business purposes. It summarizes a longer report or proposal or a group of related reports in such a way that readers can rapidly become acquainted with a large body of material without having to read it all. It usually contains a brief statement of the problem or proposal covered in the major document(s), background information, concise analysis and main conclusions. It is intended as an aid to decision-making by managers and has been described as the most important part of a business plan.[1][2][3][4]
search term: North Atlantic sea surface Wikipedia Page
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search term: seasonal trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: sea ice data compilation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Hemisphere Atmospheric Blocking Wikipedia Page
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search term: runoff Wikipedia Page
Runoff, run-off or RUNOFF may refer to:
search term: CMIP6 Simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: Thwaites Glacier Wikipedia Page
Thwaites Glacier is an unusually broad and vast Antarctic glacier located east of Mount Murphy, on the Walgreen Coast of Marie Byrd Land. It was initially sighted by polar researchers in 1940, mapped in 1959–1966 and officially named in 1967, after the late American glaciologist Fredrik T. Thwaites.[1][3] The glacier flows into Pine Island Bay, part of the Amundsen Sea, at surface speeds which exceed 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) per year near its grounding line. Its fastest-flowing grounded ice is centered between 50 and 100 kilometres (31 and 62 mi) east of Mount Murphy.[1] Like many other parts of the cryosphere, it has been adversely affected by climate change, and provides one of the more notable examples of the retreat of glaciers since 1850.
search term: fossil fuels Wikipedia Page
A fossil fuel[a] is a carbon compound- or hydrocarbon-containing material such as coal, oil, and natural gas,[2] formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the remains of prehistoric organisms (animals, plants and planktons), a process that occurs within geological formations. Reservoirs of such compound mixtures can be extracted and burned as a fuel for human consumption to provide heat for direct use (such as for cooking or heating), to power heat engines (such as steam or internal combustion engines) that can propel vehicles, or to generate electricity via steam turbine generators.[3] Some fossil fuels are further refined into derivatives such as kerosene, gasoline and diesel.
search term: Northern Hemisphere sea ice loss Wikipedia Page
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search term: moistening trend Wikipedia Page
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search term: warm bias Wikipedia Page
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search term: decadal oceanic variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Southern Ocean upper overturning cell Wikipedia Page
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search term: Mediterranean sea water budget Wikipedia Page
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search term: RAPID AMOC variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: reduction step Wikipedia Page
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search term: South Pacific Convergence Zone Wikipedia Page
The South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), a reverse-oriented monsoon trough, is a band of low-level convergence, cloudiness and precipitation extending from the Western Pacific Warm Pool at the maritime continent south-eastwards towards French Polynesia and as far as the Cook Islands (160W, 20S). The SPCZ is a portion of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) which lies in a band extending east–west near the Equator but can be more extratropical in nature, especially east of the International Date Line. It is considered the largest and most important piece of the ITCZ, and has the least dependence upon heating from a nearby landmass during the summer than any other portion of the monsoon trough.[1] The SPCZ can affect the precipitation on Polynesian islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, so it is important to understand how the SPCZ behaves with large-scale, global climate phenomenon, such as the ITCZ, El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and the Interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO), a portion of the Pacific decadal oscillation.
search term: simulated internal variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: orbital differences Wikipedia Page
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search term: tropospheric temperature Wikipedia Page
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search term: salinity changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: outliers Wikipedia Page
In statistics, an outlier is a data point that differs significantly from other observations.[1][2] An outlier may be due to a variability in the measurement, an indication of novel data, or it may be the result of experimental error; the latter are sometimes excluded from the data set.[3][4] An outlier can be an indication of exciting possibility, but can also cause serious problems in statistical analyses.
search term: Climate forcing reconstructions Wikipedia Page
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search term: global mean SST Wikipedia Page
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search term: high latitudes Wikipedia Page
The polar regions, also called the frigid zones or polar zones, of Earth are Earth's polar ice caps, the regions of the planet that surround its geographical poles (the North and South Poles), lying within the polar circles. These high latitudes are dominated by floating sea ice covering much of the Arctic Ocean in the north, and by the Antarctic ice sheet on the continent of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the south.
search term: megadroughts Wikipedia Page
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search term: Geophysics Wikipedia Page
Geophysics (/ˌdʒiːoʊˈfɪzɪks/) is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. Geophysicists, who usually study geophysics, physics, or one of the Earth sciences at the graduate level, complete investigations across a wide range of scientific disciplines. The term geophysics classically refers to solid earth applications: Earth's shape; its gravitational, magnetic fields, and electromagnetic fields ; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation.[3] However, modern geophysics organizations and pure scientists use a broader definition that includes the water cycle including snow and ice; fluid dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere; electricity and magnetism in the ionosphere and magnetosphere and solar-terrestrial physics; and analogous problems associated with the Moon and other planets.[3][4][5][6][7][8]
search term: Atlantic salinity changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: infilling Wikipedia Page
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search term: best estimate Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP5 models Wikipedia Page
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search term: best estimates Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ocean basin mode Wikipedia Page
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search term: crosses Wikipedia Page
Crosses may refer to:
search term: North Atlantic surface temperature Wikipedia Page
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search term: land regions Wikipedia Page
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search term: modelled Wikipedia Page
A model is a person with a role either to display commercial products (notably fashion clothing in fashion shows) or to serve as an artist's model or to pose for photography.
search term: OSISAF Wikipedia Page
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search term: Flato Wikipedia Page
Flato is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
search term: decadal climate variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Stratospheric Ozone Changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: desertification Wikipedia Page
Desertification is a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes and human activities.
search term: SST changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: Palaeoclimatic insights Wikipedia Page
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search term: amplitude PDV Wikipedia Page
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search term: Hemisphere Extratropical Atmospheric Circulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: aerosol optical depth Wikipedia Page
In physics, optical depth or optical thickness is the natural logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a material. Thus, the larger the optical depth, the smaller the amount of transmitted radiant power through the material. Spectral optical depth or spectral optical thickness is the natural logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted spectral radiant power through a material.[1] Optical depth is dimensionless, and in particular is not a length, though it is a monotonically increasing function of optical path length, and approaches zero as the path length approaches zero. The use of the term "optical density" for optical depth is discouraged.[1]
search term: Atlantic interannual variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Northern Hemisphere monsoon precipitation Wikipedia Page
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search term: increased cropland productivity Wikipedia Page
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search term: Himalayas Wikipedia Page
The Himalayas, or Himalaya (/ˌhɪməˈleɪ.ə, hɪˈmɑːləjə/ HIM-ə-LAY-ə, hih-MAH-lə-yə)[b] is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest. More than 100 peaks exceeding elevations of 7,200 m (23,600 ft) above sea level lie in the Himalayas.
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search term: western North America Wikipedia Page
Western North America is the western edge of the North American continent that borders the Pacific Ocean. It consists of Alaska at the farthest north, down through the western Canadian province of British Columbia, the western U.S. states of Washington, Oregon, and California, and then Mexico farthest south. The region consists of one long continuous mountain range formed over the last 350 million years through the movement of tectonic plates, as the large Pacific Plate submerged under the North American Plate through the process called subduction.[1]
search term: Hadley and Walker circulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: Greenland Ice Sheet Wikipedia Page
The Greenland ice sheet is an ice sheet which forms the second largest body of ice in the world. It is an average of 1.67 km (1.0 mi) thick, and over 3 km (1.9 mi) thick at its maximum.[2] It is almost 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) long in a north–south direction, with a maximum width of 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) at a latitude of 77°N, near its northern edge.[1] The ice sheet covers 1,710,000 square kilometres (660,000 sq mi), around 80% of the surface of Greenland, or about 12% of the area of the Antarctic ice sheet.[2] The term 'Greenland ice sheet' is often shortened to GIS or GrIS in scientific literature.[3][4][5][6]
search term: Indian Ocean Dipole Asymmetry Wikipedia Page
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search term: atmospheric chemistry Wikipedia Page
Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied.[1] It is a multidisciplinary approach of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disciplines. Research is increasingly connected with other areas of study such as climatology.
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search term: river flow Wikipedia Page
Streamflow, or channel runoff, is the flow of water in streams and other channels, and is a major element of the water cycle. It is one runoff component, the movement of water from the land to waterbodies, the other component being surface runoff. Water flowing in channels comes from surface runoff from adjacent hillslopes, from groundwater flow out of the ground, and from water discharged from pipes. The discharge of water flowing in a channel is measured using stream gauges or can be estimated by the Manning equation. The record of flow over time is called a hydrograph. Flooding occurs when the volume of water exceeds the capacity of the channel.
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search term: North Atlantic Simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: circulation strengths Wikipedia Page
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search term: diurnally Wikipedia Page
Diurnal ("daily") may refer to:
search term: Mean Squared Error Wikipedia Page
In statistics, the mean squared error (MSE)[1] or mean squared deviation (MSD) of an estimator (of a procedure for estimating an unobserved quantity) measures the average of the squares of the errors—that is, the average squared difference between the estimated values and the actual value. MSE is a risk function, corresponding to the expected value of the squared error loss.[2] The fact that MSE is almost always strictly positive (and not zero) is because of randomness or because the estimator does not account for information that could produce a more accurate estimate.[3] In machine learning, specifically empirical risk minimization, MSE may refer to the empirical risk (the average loss on an observed data set), as an estimate of the true MSE (the true risk: the average loss on the actual population distribution).
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search term: Antarctic Bottom Water Wikipedia Page
The Antarctic bottom water (AABW) is a type of water mass in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica with temperatures ranging from −0.8 to 2 °C (35 °F) and absolute salinities from 34.6 to 35.0 g/kg.[1] As the densest water mass of the oceans, AABW is found to occupy the depth range below 4000 m of all ocean basins that have a connection to the Southern Ocean at that level.[2] AABW forms the lower branch of the large-scale movement in the world's oceans through thermohaline circulation.
search term: Decadal predictions Wikipedia Page
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search term: land surface Wikipedia Page
Terrain or relief (also topographical relief) involves the vertical and horizontal dimensions of land surface. The term bathymetry is used to describe underwater relief, while hypsometry studies terrain relative to sea level. The Latin word terra (the root of terrain) means "earth."
search term: nitrogen availability Wikipedia Page
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search term: Air moisture control Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP Wikipedia Page
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search term: WMO Wikipedia Page
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation on atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology and geophysics.[2]
search term: Common Era Wikipedia Page
Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era. Common Era and Before the Common Era are alternatives to the original Anno Domini (AD) and Before Christ (BC) notations used for the same calendar era. The two notation systems are numerically equivalent: "2024 CE" and "AD 2024" each describe the current year; "400 BCE" and "400 BC" are the same year.[1][2]
search term: long control Wikipedia Page
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search term: CMIP6 generation Wikipedia Page
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search term: Antarctic Ice Sheet Wikipedia Page
The Antarctic ice sheet is a continental glacier covering 98% of the Antarctic continent, with an area of 14 million square kilometres (5.4 million square miles) and an average thickness of over 2 kilometres (1.2 mi). It is the largest of Earth's two current ice sheets, containing 26.5 million cubic kilometres (6,400,000 cubic miles) of ice, which is equivalent to 61% of all fresh water on Earth. Its surface is nearly continuous, and the only ice-free areas on the continent are the dry valleys, nunataks of the Antarctic mountain ranges, and sparse coastal bedrock. However, it is often subdivided into East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS), West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS), and Antarctic Peninsula (AP), due to the large differences in topography, ice flow, and glacier mass balance between the three regions.
search term: DJF Wikipedia Page
The Djiboutian franc (Arabic: فرنك, French: Franc, Somali: Faranka) is the currency of Djibouti. Its ISO 4217 currency code is DJF. Historically, it was subdivided into 100 centimes.
search term: global reanalyses Wikipedia Page
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search term: thermohaline circulation Wikipedia Page
Thermohaline circulation (THC) is a part of the large-scale ocean circulation that is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes.[1][2] The adjective thermohaline derives from thermo- referring to temperature and -haline referring to salt content, factors which together determine the density of sea water. Wind-driven surface currents (such as the Gulf Stream) travel polewards from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, cooling en route, and eventually sinking at high latitudes (forming North Atlantic Deep Water). This dense water then flows into the ocean basins.[3] While the bulk of it upwells in the Southern Ocean, the oldest waters (with a transit time of about 1000 years) upwell in the North Pacific.[4] Extensive mixing therefore takes place between the ocean basins, reducing differences between them and making the Earth's oceans a global system.[3] The water in these circuits transport both energy (in the form of heat) and mass (dissolved solids and gases) around the globe. As such, the state of the circulation has a large impact on the climate of the Earth.
search term: paleoclimate reconstructions Wikipedia Page
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search term: GEWEX Water Vapor Assessment Wikipedia Page
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search term: advances Wikipedia Page
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search term: river basins Wikipedia Page
A drainage basin is an area of land in which all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean. A basin is separated from adjacent basins by a perimeter, the drainage divide,[1] made up of a succession of elevated features, such as ridges and hills. A basin may consist of smaller basins that merge at river confluences, forming a hierarchical pattern.[2]
search term: radiative forcing dataset Wikipedia Page
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search term: intensification Wikipedia Page
Intensification may refer to:
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Statistics (from German: Statistik, orig. "description of a state, a country"[1]) is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.[2] In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model to be studied. Populations can be diverse groups of people or objects such as "all people living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal". Statistics deals with every aspect of data, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.[3]
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The asterisk (/ˈæstərɪsk/ *), from Late Latin asteriscus, from Ancient Greek ἀστερίσκος, asteriskos, "little star",[1][2] is a typographical symbol. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a heraldic star.
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In descriptive statistics, the interquartile range (IQR) is a measure of statistical dispersion, which is the spread of the data.[1] The IQR may also be called the midspread, middle 50%, fourth spread, or H‑spread. It is defined as the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles of the data.[2][3][4] To calculate the IQR, the data set is divided into quartiles, or four rank-ordered even parts via linear interpolation.[1] These quartiles are denoted by Q1 (also called the lower quartile), Q2 (the median), and Q3 (also called the upper quartile). The lower quartile corresponds with the 25th percentile and the upper quartile corresponds with the 75th percentile, so IQR = Q3 − Q1[1].
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Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth.[1] This is a branch of science dealing with the physical, chemical, and biological complex constitutions and synergistic linkages of Earth's four spheres: the biosphere, hydrosphere/cryosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere (or lithosphere). Earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary science but with a much older history.
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Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities intensify the greenhouse effect. This contributes to climate change. Carbon dioxide (CO2), from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, is one of the most important factors in causing climate change. The largest emitters are China followed by the United States. The United States has higher emissions per capita. The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies. Emissions from human activities have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but have been consistent among all greenhouse gases. Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than any decade before.[2] Total cumulative emissions from 1870 to 2022 were 703 GtC (2575 GtCO2), of which 484±20 GtC (1773±73 GtCO2) from fossil fuels and industry, and 219±60 GtC (802±220 GtCO2) from land use change. Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2022, coal 32%, oil 24%, and gas 10%.[3][4]
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Biological carbon fixation, or сarbon assimilation, is the process by which living organisms convert inorganic carbon (particularly carbon dioxide) to organic compounds. These organic compounds are then used to store energy and as structures for other biomolecules. Carbon is primarily fixed through photosynthesis, but some organisms use chemosynthesis in the absence of sunlight. Chemosynthesis is carbon fixation driven by chemical energy rather than from sunlight.
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search term: Frequency Wikipedia Page
Frequency (symbol f), most often measured in hertz (symbol: Hz), is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time.[1] It is also occasionally referred to as temporal frequency for clarity and to distinguish it from spatial frequency. Ordinary frequency is related to angular frequency (symbol ω, with SI unit radian per second) by a factor of 2π. The period (symbol T) is the interval of time between events, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency: T = 1/f.[2]
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search term: Extreme Events Wikipedia Page
Rare or extreme events are events that occur with low frequency, and often refers to infrequent events that have a widespread effect and which might destabilize systems (for example, stock markets,[1] ocean wave intensity[2] or optical fibers[3] or society[4]). Rare events encompass natural phenomena (major earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods, asteroid impacts, solar flares, etc.), anthropogenic hazards (warfare and related forms of violent conflict, acts of terrorism, industrial accidents, financial and commodity market crashes, etc.), as well as phenomena for which natural and anthropogenic factors interact in complex ways (epidemic disease spread, global warming-related changes in climate and weather, etc.).
search term: convection Wikipedia Page
Convection is single or multiphase fluid flow that occurs spontaneously due to the combined effects of material property heterogeneity and body forces on a fluid, most commonly density and gravity (see buoyancy). When the cause of the convection is unspecified, convection due to the effects of thermal expansion and buoyancy can be assumed. Convection may also take place in soft solids or mixtures where particles can flow.
search term: SCE Wikipedia Page
SCE is an abbreviation with multiple meanings:
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Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more. Climate change may refer to any time in Earth's history, but the term is now commonly used to describe contemporary climate change, often popularly referred to as global warming. Since the Industrial Revolution, the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities.[1]
search term: atmospheric reanalysis Wikipedia Page
An atmospheric reanalysis (also: meteorological reanalysis and climate reanalysis) is a meteorological and climate data assimilation project which aims to assimilate historical atmospheric observational data spanning an extended period, using a single consistent assimilation (or "analysis") scheme throughout.
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A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized.[1] Material structures include man-made objects such as buildings and machines and natural objects such as biological organisms, minerals and chemicals. Abstract structures include data structures in computer science and musical form. Types of structure include a hierarchy (a cascade of one-to-many relationships), a network featuring many-to-many links, or a lattice featuring connections between components that are neighbors in space.
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In historiography, periodization is the process or study of categorizing the past into discrete, quantified, and named blocks of time for the purpose of study or analysis.[1][2] This is usually done in order to understand current and historical processes, and the causality that might have linked those events.
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Meltwater (or melt water) is water released by the melting of snow or ice, including glacial ice, tabular icebergs and ice shelves over oceans. Meltwater is often found during early spring when snow packs and frozen rivers melt with rising temperatures, and in the ablation zone of glaciers where the rate of snow cover is reducing. Meltwater can be produced during volcanic eruptions, in a similar way in which the more dangerous lahars form. It can also be produced by the heat generated by the flow itself.
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search term: Future Sea Level Wikipedia Page
Between 1901 and 2018, the average sea level rose by 15–25 cm (6–10 in), with an increase of 2.3 mm (0.091 in) per year since the 1970s.[3]: 1216 This was faster than the sea level had ever risen over at least the past 3,000 years.[3]: 1216 The rate accelerated to 4.62 mm (0.182 in)/yr for the decade 2013–2022.[4] Climate change due to human activities is the main cause.[5]: 5, 8 Between 1993 and 2018, melting ice sheets and glaciers accounted for 44% of sea level rise, with another 42% resulting from thermal expansion of water.[6]: 1576
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Statistics (from German: Statistik, orig. "description of a state, a country"[1]) is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.[2] In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model to be studied. Populations can be diverse groups of people or objects such as "all people living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal". Statistics deals with every aspect of data, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.[3]
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Weather is the state of the atmosphere, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy.[1] On Earth, most weather phenomena occur in the lowest layer of the planet's atmosphere, the troposphere,[2][3] just below the stratosphere. Weather refers to day-to-day temperature, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions, whereas climate is the term for the averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time.[4] When used without qualification, "weather" is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth.
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A wire is a strand of drawn metal used especially in electrical conductors and fencing.
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search term: North Atlantic Current Wikipedia Page
The North Atlantic Current (NAC), also known as North Atlantic Drift and North Atlantic Sea Movement, is a powerful warm western boundary current within the Atlantic Ocean that extends the Gulf Stream northeastward.[1]
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search term: Global Historical Climatology Network Wikipedia Page
The Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) is a data set of temperature, precipitation and pressure records managed by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), Arizona State University and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.
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A monsoon (/mɒnˈsuːn/) is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation[1] but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal oscillation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) between its limits to the north and south of the equator. Usually, the term monsoon is used to refer to the rainy phase of a seasonally changing pattern, although technically there is also a dry phase. The term is also sometimes used to describe locally heavy but short-term rains.[2][3]
search term: paleoclimatology Wikipedia Page
Paleoclimatology (British spelling, palaeoclimatology) is the scientific study of climates predating the invention of meteorological instruments, when no direct measurement data were available.[1] As instrumental records only span a tiny part of Earth's history, the reconstruction of ancient climate is important to understand natural variation and the evolution of the current climate.
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Assumption, in Christianity, refers to the Assumption of Mary, a belief in the taking up of the Virgin Mary into heaven.
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search term: Geophysical Research Letters Wikipedia Page
Geophysical Research Letters is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal of geoscience published by the American Geophysical Union that was established in 1974. The editor-in-chief is Harihar Rajaram.
search term: major biases Wikipedia Page
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search term: coupled model biases Wikipedia Page
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search term: stratospheric temperature variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: residual consistency test Wikipedia Page
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search term: uncertainty Wikipedia Page
Uncertainty or incertitude refers to epistemic situations involving imperfect or unknown information. It applies to predictions of future events, to physical measurements that are already made, or to the unknown. Uncertainty arises in partially observable or stochastic environments, as well as due to ignorance, indolence, or both.[1] It arises in any number of fields, including insurance, philosophy, physics, statistics, economics, finance, medicine, psychology, sociology, engineering, metrology, meteorology, ecology and information science.
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search term: terrestrial water contributions Wikipedia Page
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search term: coupled climate simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: 1950 Wikipedia Page
This is an accepted version of this page
search term: climatological values Wikipedia Page
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search term: Grist Wikipedia Page
Grist is grain that has been separated from its chaff in preparation for grinding. It can also mean grain that has been ground at a gristmill. Its etymology derives from the verb grind.
search term: Pacific origin Wikipedia Page
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search term: glacial climate simulations Wikipedia Page
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search term: individual models Wikipedia Page
A model is a person with a role either to display commercial products (notably fashion clothing in fashion shows) or to serve as an artist's model or to pose for photography.
search term: pattern correlations Wikipedia Page
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search term: overturning circulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: meridional widths Wikipedia Page
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search term: envelop Wikipedia Page
Envelopment is the military tactic of seizing objectives in the enemy's rear with the goal of destroying specific enemy forces and denying them the ability to withdraw. Rather than attacking an enemy head-on, as in a frontal assault, an envelopment seeks to exploit the enemy's flanks, attacking them from multiple directions and avoiding where their defenses are strongest. A successful envelopment lessens the number of casualties suffered by the attacker while inducing a psychological shock on the defender and improving the chances to destroy them.[1] An envelopment will consist of one or more enveloping forces, which attacks the enemy's flank(s), and a fixing force, which attacks the enemy's front and "fixes" them in place so that they cannot withdraw or shift their focus on the enveloping forces.[2] While a successful tactic, there are risks involved with performing an envelopment. The enveloping force can become overextended and cut off from friendly forces by an enemy counterattack, or the enemy can counterattack against the fixing force.[3]
search term: stratospheric NAM events Wikipedia Page
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search term: Tropical Atlantic Wikipedia Page
The Tropical Atlantic realm is one of twelve marine realms that cover the world's coastal seas and continental shelves.
search term: Multimodel Ensembles Wikipedia Page
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search term: seasonal increases Wikipedia Page
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search term: temperature change Wikipedia Page
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search term: stratospheric temperature trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: biosphere Wikipedia Page
The biosphere (from Ancient Greek βίος (bíos) 'life' and σφαῖρα (sphaîra) 'sphere'), also called the ecosphere (from Ancient Greek οἶκος (oîkos) 'settlement, house' and σφαῖρα (sphaîra) 'sphere'), is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems. It can also be termed the zone of life on Earth. The biosphere (which is technically a spherical shell) is virtually a closed system with regard to matter,[1] with minimal inputs and outputs. Regarding energy, it is an open system, with photosynthesis capturing solar energy at a rate of around 100 terawatts.[2] By the most general biophysiological definition, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The biosphere is postulated to have evolved, beginning with a process of biopoiesis (life created naturally from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds) or biogenesis (life created from living matter), at least some 3.5 billion years ago.[3][4]
search term: monsoon circulation index Wikipedia Page
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search term: nitrogen Wikipedia Page
Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol N and atomic number 7. Nitrogen is a nonmetal and the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table, often called the pnictogens. It is a common element in the universe, estimated at seventh in total abundance in the Milky Way and the Solar System. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bond to form N2, a colourless and odourless diatomic gas. N2 forms about 78% of Earth's atmosphere, making it the most abundant chemical species in air. Because of the volatility of nitrogen compounds, nitrogen is relatively rare in the solid parts of the Earth.
search term: ocean biogeochemistry Wikipedia Page
Marine biogeochemical cycles are biogeochemical cycles that occur within marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. These biogeochemical cycles are the pathways chemical substances and elements move through within the marine environment. In addition, substances and elements can be imported into or exported from the marine environment. These imports and exports can occur as exchanges with the atmosphere above, the ocean floor below, or as runoff from the land.
search term: Extratropical Component Wikipedia Page
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search term: negative tropical cloud feedback Wikipedia Page
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search term: Earth System Science Wikipedia Page
Earth system science (ESS) is the application of systems science to the Earth.[1][2][3][4] In particular, it considers interactions and 'feedbacks', through material and energy fluxes, between the Earth's sub-systems' cycles, processes and "spheres"—atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere,[5] geosphere, pedosphere, lithosphere, biosphere,[6] and even the magnetosphere[7]—as well as the impact of human societies on these components.[8] At its broadest scale, Earth system science brings together researchers across both the natural and social sciences, from fields including ecology, economics, geography, geology, glaciology, meteorology, oceanography, climatology, paleontology, sociology, and space science.[9] Like the broader subject of systems science, Earth system science assumes a holistic view of the dynamic interaction between the Earth's spheres and their many constituent subsystems fluxes and processes, the resulting spatial organization and time evolution of these systems, and their variability, stability and instability.[10][11][12] Subsets of Earth System science include systems geology[13][14] and systems ecology,[15] and many aspects of Earth System science are fundamental to the subjects of physical geography[16][17] and climate science.[18]
search term: ice changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: solar forcing Wikipedia Page
Radiative forcing (or climate forcing[2]) is a concept used in climate science to quantify the change in energy balance in Earth's atmosphere. Various factors contribute to this change in energy balance, such as concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, and changes in surface albedo and solar irradiance. In more technical terms, it is defined as "the change in the net, downward minus upward, radiative flux (expressed in W/m2) due to a change in an external driver of climate change."[3]: 2245 These external drivers are distinguished from feedbacks and variability that are internal to the climate system, and that further influence the direction and magnitude of imbalance. Radiative forcing on Earth is meaningfully evaluated at the tropopause and at the top of the stratosphere. It is quantified in units of watts per square meter, and often summarized as an average over the total surface area of the globe.
search term: Arctic Ocean Wikipedia Page
Main five oceans division:
search term: Indian ocean decadal variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: North Atlantic Wikipedia Page
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about 85,133,000 km2 (32,870,000 sq mi).[2] It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the Age of Discovery, it was known for separating the New World of the Americas (North America and South America) from the Old World of Afro-Eurasia (Africa, Asia, and Europe).
search term: anthropogenic attributable warming Wikipedia Page
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search term: CESM1 Wikipedia Page
The Community Earth System Model (CESM) is a fully coupled numerical simulation of the Earth system consisting of atmospheric, ocean, ice, land surface, carbon cycle, and other components. CESM includes a climate model providing state-of-art simulations of the Earth's past, present, and future.[1] It is the successor of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM), specifically version 4 (CCSMv4), which provided the initial atmospheric component for CESM. Strong ensemble forecasting capabilities, CESM-LE (CESM-Large Ensemble), were developed at the onset to control for error and biases across different model runs (realizations).[2] Simulations from the Earth's surface through the thermosphere are generated utilizing the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). CESM1 was released in 2010 with primary development by the Climate and Global Dynamics Division (CGD) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), and significant funding by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Department of Energy (DoE).[3]
search term: zonal mean Hadley cell Wikipedia Page
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search term: carbon cycle changes Wikipedia Page
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search term: average annual mean precipitation Wikipedia Page
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search term: emergent constraints Wikipedia Page
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search term: subsurface geographies Wikipedia Page
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search term: SST anomalies Wikipedia Page
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search term: climate projections Wikipedia Page
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search term: decadal IOB index Wikipedia Page
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search term: cyclone simulation Wikipedia Page
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search term: area index Wikipedia Page
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search term: Coloured symbols Wikipedia Page
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search term: halosteric sea level Wikipedia Page
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search term: prediction system Wikipedia Page
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search term: wetting trend Wikipedia Page
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search term: data products Wikipedia Page
Dataproducts Corporation was an early manufacturer of computer peripheral equipment.
search term: CMIP3 Wikipedia Page
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search term: Arctic sea ice decline Wikipedia Page
Sea ice in the Arctic region has declined in recent decades in area and volume due to climate change. It has been melting more in summer than it refreezes in winter. Global warming, caused by greenhouse gas forcing is responsible for the decline in Arctic sea ice. The decline of sea ice in the Arctic has been accelerating during the early twenty-first century, with a decline rate of 4.7% per decade (it has declined over 50% since the first satellite records).[1][2][3] Summertime sea ice will likely cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.[4]
search term: external drivers Wikipedia Page
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search term: internal modes Wikipedia Page
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search term: subtropical regions Wikipedia Page
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search term: increased diffuse Wikipedia Page
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search term: Dataset Wikipedia Page
A data set (or dataset) is a collection of data. In the case of tabular data, a data set corresponds to one or more database tables, where every column of a table represents a particular variable, and each row corresponds to a given record of the data set in question. The data set lists values for each of the variables, such as for example height and weight of an object, for each member of the data set. Data sets can also consist of a collection of documents or files.[2]
search term: North Atlantic freshening Wikipedia Page
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search term: summertime precipitation rate Wikipedia Page
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search term: decadal ocean temperature variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: computing power Wikipedia Page
In computing, computer performance is the amount of useful work accomplished by a computer system. Outside of specific contexts, computer performance is estimated in terms of accuracy, efficiency and speed of executing computer program instructions. When it comes to high computer performance, one or more of the following factors might be involved:
search term: Anthropogenic greenhouse gas Wikipedia Page
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities intensify the greenhouse effect. This contributes to climate change. Carbon dioxide (CO2), from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, is one of the most important factors in causing climate change. The largest emitters are China followed by the United States. The United States has higher emissions per capita. The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies. Emissions from human activities have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but have been consistent among all greenhouse gases. Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than any decade before.[2] Total cumulative emissions from 1870 to 2022 were 703 GtC (2575 GtCO2), of which 484±20 GtC (1773±73 GtCO2) from fossil fuels and industry, and 219±60 GtC (802±220 GtCO2) from land use change. Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2022, coal 32%, oil 24%, and gas 10%.[3][4]
search term: modelled sea level change Wikipedia Page
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search term: extreme temperatures Wikipedia Page
The list of weather records includes the most extreme occurrences of weather phenomena for various categories. Many weather records are measured under specific conditions—such as surface temperature and wind speed—to keep consistency among measurements around the Earth. Each of these records is understood to be the record value officially observed, as these records may have been exceeded before modern weather instrumentation was invented, or in remote areas without an official weather station. This list does not include remotely sensed observations such as satellite measurements, since those values are not considered official records.[2]
search term: Ocean model development Wikipedia Page
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search term: SST trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: observed surface temperatures Wikipedia Page
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search term: Semidirect Effect Wikipedia Page
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search term: extratropical North Pacific Ocean Wikipedia Page
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search term: historical climate change Wikipedia Page
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search term: Initialized decadal prediction Wikipedia Page
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search term: NOAA GML Carbon Cycle Cooperative Wikipedia Page
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search term: model ensembles Wikipedia Page
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search term: match model estimates Wikipedia Page
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search term: Pacific trade winds Wikipedia Page
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search term: trade winds Wikipedia Page
The trade winds or easterlies are permanent east-to-west prevailing winds that flow in the Earth's equatorial region. The trade winds blow mainly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere, strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase. Trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world's oceans for centuries. They enabled European colonization of the Americas, and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
search term: PDV magnitude Wikipedia Page
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search term: mean biases Wikipedia Page
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search term: global warming hiatus Wikipedia Page
A global warming hiatus,[1] also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause[2] or a global warming slowdown,[3] is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures.[4] In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record, along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend.[1] Such a "hiatus" is shorter than the 30-year periods that climate is classically averaged over.[5]
search term: North American megadroughts Wikipedia Page
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search term: black shading Wikipedia Page
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search term: decadal climate state Wikipedia Page
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search term: Ocean acidification Wikipedia Page
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's ocean. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05.[2] Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels exceeding 422 ppm (as of 2024[update]).[3] CO2 from the atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans. This chemical reaction produces carbonic acid (H2CO3) which dissociates into a bicarbonate ion (HCO−3) and a hydrogen ion (H+). The presence of free hydrogen ions (H+) lowers the pH of the ocean, increasing acidity (this does not mean that seawater is acidic yet; it is still alkaline, with a pH higher than 8). Marine calcifying organisms, such as mollusks and corals, are especially vulnerable because they rely on calcium carbonate to build shells and skeletons.[4]
search term: meridional width Wikipedia Page
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search term: Multidecadal Oscillation Wikipedia Page
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search term: global detection Wikipedia Page
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search term: Internal natural variability Wikipedia Page
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search term: ocean dynamical effect Wikipedia Page
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search term: teleconnection patterns Wikipedia Page
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search term: summertime trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: enhanced vegetation growth Wikipedia Page
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search term: Decadal Predictability Wikipedia Page
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search term: North Atlantic Ocean Wikipedia Page
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about 85,133,000 km2 (32,870,000 sq mi).[2] It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the Age of Discovery, it was known for separating the New World of the Americas (North America and South America) from the Old World of Afro-Eurasia (Africa, Asia, and Europe).
search term: maximum magnitude Wikipedia Page
An important parameter in the calculation of seismic hazard, maximum magnitude (expressed as Moment magnitude scale) is also one of the more contentious. The choice of the value can greatly influence the final outcome of the results, yet this is most likely a size of earthquake that has not yet occurred in the region under study.
search term: tropical mean temperature trends Wikipedia Page
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search term: Steady Linear Response Wikipedia Page
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search term: standardized probability index Wikipedia Page
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search term: rain Wikipedia Page
Rain is water droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and then fall under gravity. Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the Earth. It provides water for hydroelectric power plants, crop irrigation, and suitable conditions for many types of ecosystems.
search term: Argo Wikipedia Page
In Greek mythology, the Argo (/ˈɑːrɡoʊ/ AR-goh; Ancient Greek: Ἀργώ, romanized: Argṓ) was the ship of Jason and the Argonauts. The ship was built with divine aid, and some ancient sources describe her as the first ship to sail the seas. The Argo carried the Argonauts on their quest for the Golden Fleece from Iolcos to Colchis. After the journey, the ship was retired and dedicated to Poseidon, the divine ruler of the seas.
search term: Holocene Wikipedia Page
The Holocene (/ˈhɒl.əsiːn, -oʊ-, ˈhoʊ.lə-, -loʊ-/)[2][3] is the current geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago.[4] It follows the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat.[4] The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene[5] together form the Quaternary period. The Holocene is an interglacial period within the ongoing glacial cycles of the Quaternary, and is equivalent to Marine Isotope Stage 1.
search term: simulated ENSO dynamics Wikipedia Page
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search term: AR5 Wikipedia Page
AR5, AR 5, or AR-5 can refer to:
search term: satellite retrievals Wikipedia Page
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search term: Global glacier volume projections Wikipedia Page
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search term: North Pacific decadal Wikipedia Page
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search term: instrumental period Wikipedia Page
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search term: Arctic Surface Climate Wikipedia Page
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search term: trophic levels Wikipedia Page
The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food web. Within a food web, a food chain is a succession of organisms that eat other organisms and may, in turn, be eaten themselves. The trophic level of an organism is the number of steps it is from the start of the chain. A food web starts at trophic level 1 with primary producers such as plants, can move to herbivores at level 2, carnivores at level 3 or higher, and typically finish with apex predators at level 4 or 5. The path along the chain can form either a one-way flow or a part of a wider food "web". Ecological communities with higher biodiversity form more complex trophic paths.
search term: mean sea ice area Wikipedia Page
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search term: sulphate aerosol Wikipedia Page
Particulates or atmospheric particulate matter (see below for other names) are microscopic particles of solid or liquid matter suspended in the air. The term aerosol refers to the particulate/air mixture, as opposed to the particulate matter alone,[1] though it is sometimes defined as a subset of aerosol terminology.[2] Sources of particulate matter can be natural or anthropogenic.[3] They have impacts on climate and precipitation that adversely affect human health, in ways additional to direct inhalation.
search term: reconstructions Wikipedia Page
Reconstruction may refer to:
search term: data model discrepancy Wikipedia Page
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